Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Absorption

This pharmacokinetic data does not apply to povidone.

Toxicity

Oral LD50 in mouse, rat, and rabbit are >40 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, and 1040 mg/kg, respectively . No cases of overdose in humans have been reported.

Chemical properties

Hygroscopic, white or yellowish-white powder or flakes.

Chemical properties

Povidone occurs as a fine, white to creamy-white colored, odorless or almost odorless, hygroscopic powder. Povidones with K-values equal to or lower than 30 are manufactured by spray-drying and occur as spheres. Povidone K-90 and higher K-value povidones are manufactured by drum drying and occur as plates.

The Uses of Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Polyvinylpyrrolidone, commonly known as PVP, serves a variety of purposes across different industries. It is utilized as an adhesive in glue sticks, an emulsifier and disintegrant in solution polymerization, and an additive in RNA extraction buffers. In the field of spectroscopy, it acts as a dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR. PVP is also found in personal care items like shampoos, toothpastes, inkjet printer inks, and contact lens solutions. Its applications extend to the food and wine industries as a thickening agent and fining agent, respectively. Furthermore, it is employed as a capping agent in the synthesis of silver nanowires. In cosmetics, PVP is a multifunctional ingredient used as a binder, film former, emulsion stabilizer, suspending agent, and hair fixative, predominantly in products such as mascara, eyeliner, hair conditioners, hair sprays, shampoos, and other hair care items.

The Uses of Polyvinylpyrrolidone

suitable for gene delivery

The Uses of Polyvinylpyrrolidone

Polyvinylpyrrolidone has been used:

• to perform intracytoplasmic sperm injection procedure
• in the preparation of endophyte coating agent mixture, to coat creeping bentgrass seed
• as a component of prehybridization solution

What are the applications of Application

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a cryoprotectant

Indications

When in complex with iodine, indicated for inducing antisepsis for prevention of infection in minor cuts, scrapes, and burns.

Background

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) or polyvidone, is a synthetic, water-soluble polymer derived from N-vinylpyrrolidone. It is widely used as a binder in pharmaceutical tablets and as a lubricant in eye drops. Povidone's versatility extends to technical applications where it serves as an adhesive, additive, and emulsifier. When combined with iodine, it forms Povidone-iodine, an antiseptic solution with the iodine providing bactericidal properties and povidone acting as a carrier. This compound is prevalent in over-the-counter topical solutions, ointments, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. However, its efficacy in wound healing is debated, with some clinical studies suggesting it may impede healing, weaken wounds, or cause infections in open wounds. The FDA has withdrawn approval for intravenous drug products containing povidone, but other formulations remain accessible.

Background

A polyvinyl polymer of variable molecular weight; used as suspending and dispersing agent and vehicle for pharmaceuticals; also used as blood volume expander. See povidone for full details.

What are the applications of Application

Polyvinylpyrrolidone (MW ~40,000) is a polymer used as a solubilizer and complexing agent

Definition

ChEBI: A vinyl polymer composed of repeating -CH2-CR- units where R is a 2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl group.

Production Methods

Povidone is manufactured by the Reppe process. Acetylene and formaldehyde are reacted in the presence of a highly active copper acetylide catalyst to form butynediol, which is hydrogenated to butanediol and then cyclodehydrogenated to form butyrolactone. Pyrrolidone is produced by reacting butyrolactone with ammonia. This is followed by a vinylation reaction in which pyrrolidone and acetylene are reacted under pressure. The monomer, vinylpyrrolidone, is then polymerized in the presence of a combination of catalysts to produce povidone.

Preparation

N-Vinylpyrrolidone is prepared from 1,4-butanediol as follows:

N -Vinylpyrrolidone is water-soluble and is usually polymerized in aqueous solution at about 50??C with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. The polymer is also water-soluble and is isolated by spray-drying. Commercial grades of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) have average molecular weights (Mv) ranging from about 10000 up to 360000.
The largest use of polyvinylpyrrolidone is in cosmetic formulations, especially hair lacquers. In the latter applications, polyvinylpyrrolidone is the preferred film-former on account of good adhesion to hair, lustre of the film and ease of removal on washing. The polymer is also used as a binder in pharmaceutical tablets. Polyvinylpyrrolidone also finds use in the textile industry, particularly in colour stripping operations, where the great affinity of the polymer for dyestuffs is utilized. An interesting application of polyvinylpyrrolidone is in aqueous solution as a blood plasma substitute; such material was extensively used in Germany during the Second World War.

brand name

Kollidon CL (BASF); Kollidon CLM (BASF); Polyplasdone (International Specialty Products);Acu-dyne;Adapettes;Adsorbobase;Adsovbotear;Agent at 717;Albigen a;Aldacol q;Amiorel eritro;Amyderm s;Andrestrac 2-10;Anexa;B 7509;Betaisod;Bridine;Clinidine;Final step;Frepp/sepp;Ganex p 804;Ga-pvp-101;Gyno-bidex;Isoplasma;Jodoplex;K 115;Kollidon 17;Kollidon 25;Kollidon 30;Kollidon 90;Kollidon ce 50/50;Kollidon k 25;Kollidon k 30;Luviskol k 17;Luviskol k 25;Luviskol k 30;Luviskol k 90;Luvisteol;Medicort;Molycu;Mundidon;Neojodin;Oftan flurekain;Peragal st;Periston-n-toxobin;Pevidine;Plasmadone;Plasmoid;Plassint;Podiodine;Polyclar at;Polyclar h;Polyclar l;Polyplasdone xl;Polyvidone-escupient;Polyvinyl pyrrolidone;Povadyne;Povidone k 29-32;Pvp 50;Pvp0;Pvp-k 15;Pvp-k 25;Pvp-k 30;Pvp-k 60;Pvp-k 90;Pvp-macrose;Pvp-macrox;Rocmuth;Sd 13;Soft-care;Tears plus;Venostasin retard;Vetedine;Yodiplexin.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Polyvidone, a polymer of vinylpyrrolidinone, is an excipient used as a suspending and dispersing agent. Injectable preparations containing polymers with a molecular weight in the order of 12,000 have caused painful local granulomatous lesions. This has led to the withdrawal of polyvidone from such preparations in some countries. Polyvidone was formerly also used as a plasma expander but, because it was sequestered within the liver and spleen, this use has been discontinued. However, it remains widely used as a vehicle for ophthalmic preparations, and as the major component of artificial tears.

General Description

White powder. Compatible with a wide range of hydrophilic and hydrophobic resins.

Air & Water Reactions

Hygroscopic. Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is a polymeric material and probably has low reactivity. Polyvinylpyrrolidone reacts as a weak base.

Hazard

Questionable carcinogen.

Health Hazard

SYMPTOMS: Polyvinylpyrrolidone may cause interstitial fibrosis in the lungs. Lesions regress when patient is no longer being exposed to the compound.

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Polyvinylpyrrolidone are not available, but Polyvinylpyrrolidone is probably non-flammable.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Although povidone is used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, it is primarily used in solid-dosage forms. In tableting, povidone solutions are used as binders in wet-granulation processes.Povidone is also added to powder blends in the dry form and granulated in situ by the addition of water, alcohol, or hydroalcoholic solutions. Povidone is used as a solubilizer in oral and parenteral formulations, and has been shown to enhance dissolution of poorly soluble drugs from solid-dosage forms. Povidone solutions may also be used as coating agents or as binders when coating active pharmaceutical ingredients on a support such as sugar beads.
Povidone is additionally used as a suspending, stabilizing, or viscosity-increasing agent in a number of topical and oral suspensions and solutions. The solubility of a number of poorly soluble active drugs may be increased by mixing with povidone.
Special grades of pyrogen-free povidone are available and have been used in parenteral formulations;

Contact allergens

Polyvinylpyrrolidone is widely used as is in cosmetics such as hair care products and in medical products. It acts as iodophor in iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone. PVP is an irritant and has been claimed as the allergen in some cases of dermatitis from iodine-polyvinylpyrrolidone (although iodine is more likely the hapten). It may cause type I contact urticaria or anaphylaxis.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Polyvinylpyrrolidone can bind to polyphenol. Thus, it is known to be used for RNA isolation from plants rich in polyphenols. It is extensively used in the synthesis of nanoparticles.

Pharmacokinetics

Povidone itself has no microbicidal activity. Povidone-iodine exhibits rapid, potent, broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties . The clinical effectiveness of povidon-iodine on wound healing remains somewhat controversial; in few clinical studies investigating the effects of povidone-iodine on wound healing, topical administration of the complex was associated with no significant infections, but slower healing and mild to moderate discomfort on application .

Safety Profile

Mtldly toxic by intraperitoneal and intravenous routes. Questionable carcinogen. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.

Safety

Povidone has been used in pharmaceutical formulations for many years, being first used in the 1940s as a plasma expander, although it has now been superseded for this purpose by dextran.
Povidone is widely used as an excipient, particularly in oral tablets and solutions. When consumed orally, povidone may be regarded as essentially nontoxic since it is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or mucous membranes.Povidone additionally has no irritant effect on the skin and causes no sensitization. exists that povidone may accumulate in the organs of the body following intramuscular injection.
A temporary acceptable daily intake for povidone has been set by the WHO at up to 25 mg/kg body-weight.
(mouse, IP): 12 g/kg

Safety

The safety assessment of Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a food additive reported that the absorption of PVP was very low; there were sufficient toxicological data on PVP; there were no concerns about the genotoxicity of PVP; and in a carcinogenicity study in rats, no carcinogenicity was detected at the highest dose of 2,500 mg PVP/kg bw per day tested. Therefore, the Panel concluded that there was no need to establish an ADI value for PVP and that there were no safety concerns for the reported uses and use levels of PVP as a food additive. The Panel also concluded that the proposed expanded use was not expected to pose a safety concern at the proposed maximum allowable intake and recommended consumption levels.

Metabolism

This pharmacokinetic data does not apply to povidone.

storage

Povidone darkens to some extent on heating at 150°C, with a reduction in aqueous solubility. It is stable to a short cycle of heat exposure around 110–130°C; steam sterilization of an aqueous solution does not alter its properties. Aqueous solutions are susceptible to mold growth and consequently require the addition of suitable preservatives.
Povidone may be stored under ordinary conditions without undergoing decomposition or degradation. However, since the powder is hygroscopic, it should be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dry place.

Purification Methods

Purify it by dialysis, and freeze-drying. Also by precipitation from CHCl3 solution by pouring into ether. Dry it in a vacuum over P2O5. For the crosslinked polymer purification is by boiling for 10minutes in 10% HCl and then washing with glass-distilled water until free from Cl ions. Finally, Cl ions are removed more readily by neutralising with KOH and continued washing.

Incompatibilities

Povidone is compatible in solution with a wide range of inorganic salts, natural and synthetic resins, and other chemicals. It forms molecular adducts in solution with sulfathiazole, sodium salicylate, salicylic acid, phenobarbital, tannin, and other compounds; see Section 18. The efficacy of some preservatives, e.g. thimerosal, may be adversely affected by the formation of complexes with povidone.

Regulatory Status

Accepted for use in Europe as a food additive. Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM and IV injections; ophthalmic preparations; oral capsules, drops, granules, suspensions, and tablets; sublingual tablets; topical and vaginal preparations). Included in nonparenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.