Chlorobutanol

Absorption

Following oral administration in healthy subjects, the plasma concentration fell by 50% in 24 hours post-administration .

Toxicity

Oral LD50 of anhydrous chlorobutanol in rat is 510 mg/kg . Chlorobutanol was shown to induce conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity in vitro

Chemical properties

White or almost white, crystalline powder or colourless crystals, sublimes readily

Chemical properties

Volatile, colorless or white crystals with a musty, camphoraceous odor.

Originator

Chlorobutanol,Narchem

The Uses of Chlorobutanol

Chlorobutanol is used as a preservative and sedative. It has also been shown to exhibit antibacterial properties.

The Uses of Chlorobutanol

Plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers, preservative for biological fluids and solutions, antimicrobial agent, anesthetic in dentistry.

Background

Chlorobutanol, or chlorbutol, is an alcohol-based preservative with no surfactant activity . It also elicits sedative-hypnotic and weak local anesthetic actions in addition to antibacterial and antifungal properties. Similar in nature to chloral hydrate, it is formed by the simple nucleophilic addition of chloroform and acetone.
As a long-term stabilizer of multi-ingredient preparations, chlorobutanol is normally used at a concentration of 0.5%. At this concentration, it also conserves its antimicrobial activity.
Due to the long terminal half-life of 37 days, the use of chlorobutanol as a sedative is limited because of the considerable accumulation which will occur following multiple dosing . Chlorobutanol is a common detergent preservative in eye drops and other ophthalmic therapeutic formulations .

Indications

No approved therapeutic indications on its own.

Production Methods

Chlorobutanol is prepared by condensing acetone and chloroform in the presence of solid potassium hydroxide.

Definition

ChEBI: Chlorobutanol is a tertiary alcohol.

Manufacturing Process

33 g (0.59 mol) of powdered potassium hydroxide was added in small amounts to a solution of 50 g (0.86 mol) of acetone in 100 g (0.84 mol) of chloroform to form a reaction mixture containing approximately 0.7 mol of KOH per mol of chloroform. The mixture was chilled to a temperature below 0°C, thoroughly agitated, and than allowed to stand at temperature of about 0°C for 24 hours. The mixture was then filtered and the filtrate was distilled. The fraction boiling within the range of 165-175°C was poured into an equal amount of water to precipitate the 1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol. The precipitated 1,1,1-trichloro-tert-butyl alcohol was filtered and recrystallized from an ethanol-water mixture and air dried. The yield of 1,1,1-trichloro-tertbutyl alcohol was 6 g, that is, somewhat less than 4% of the theoretical yield based on chloroform charged. When calculated on the basis of chloroform consumed the yield was about 15%.

Therapeutic Function

Hypnotic, Anesthetic, Antiseptic, Pharmaceutic aid, Ophthalmologic

Synthesis Reference(s)

Journal of the American Chemical Society, 70, p. 1189, 1948 DOI: 10.1021/ja01183a092

Hazard

Action similar to chloral hydrate. Combustible.

Pharmaceutical Applications

Chlorobutanol is primarily used in ophthalmic or parenteral dosage forms as an antimicrobial preservative at concentrations up to 0.5% w/v. It is commonly used as an antibacterial agent for epinephrine solutions, posterior pituitary extract solutions, and ophthalmic preparations intended for the treatment of miosis. It is especially useful as an antibacterial agent in nonaqueous formulations. Chlorobutanol is also used as a preservative in cosmetics ; as a plasticizer for cellulose esters and ethers; and has been used therapeutically as a mild sedative and local analgesic in dentistry.

Pharmacokinetics

Chlorobutanol is a detergent preservative with a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity . In vitro, chlorobutanol demonstrated to inhibit platelet aggregation and release via unknown mechanisms . A study proposes that the antiplatelet effect of chlorobutanol may occur from inhibition of the arachidonic acid pathway . It attenuated thromboxane B2 formation, elevation of cytosolic free calcium, and ATP release, and additionally exhibited a significant inhibitory activity toward several aggregation inducers in a time- and concentration-dependent manner . Chlorobutanol may exert a direct negative inotropic effect on myocardial cells to isometric tension produced by the heart . Chlorobutanol was shown to induce conjunctival and corneal cell toxicity in vitro: at a concentration of 0.1%, Cbl caused near depletion of the squamous layer while degeneration of corneal epithelial cells, generation of conspicuous membranous blebs, cytoplasmic swelling, and occasional breaks in the external cell membrane were observed at a concentration of 0.5% .

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion. A narcotic. A skin and eye irritant. Mutation data reported. See also CHLORAL HYDRATE, whch acts similarly. Dangerous; can react with oxidizing materials. Combustible when exposed to heat or flame. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Cl-. See also PHOSGENE.

Safety

Chlorobutanol is widely used as a preservative in a number of pharmaceutical formulations, particularly ophthalmic preparations. Although animal studies have suggested that chlorobutanol may be harmful to the eye, in practice the widespread use of chlorobutanol as a preservative in ophthalmic preparations has been associated with few reports of adverse reactions. A study of the irritation potential of a local anesthetic on the murine cornea indicated significant corneal surface damage in the presence of 0.5% w/v chlorobutanol, which may be related to the preservative’s effective concentration. Reported adverse reactions to chlorobutanol include: cardiovascular effects following intravenous administration of heparin sodium injection preserved with chlorobutanol; neurological effects following administration of a large dose of morphine infusion preserved with chlorobutanol; and hypersensitivity reactions, although these are regarded as rare.
The lethal human dose of chlorobutanol is estimated to be 50–500 mg/kg.
LD₅₀ (dog, oral): 0.24 g/kg
LD₅₀ (mouse, oral): 0.99 g/kg
LD₅₀ (rabbit, oral): 0.21 g/kg

Metabolism

Chlorobutanol is reported to undergo glucuronidation and sulphation .

storage

Chlorobutanol is volatile and readily sublimes. In aqueous solution, degradation to carbon monoxide, acetone and chloride ion is catalyzed by hydroxide ions. Stability is good at pH 3 but becomes progressively worse with increasing pH. The half-life at pH 7.5 for a chlorobutanol solution stored at 258℃ was determined to be approximately 3 months. In a 0.5% w/v aqueous chlorobutanol solution at room temperature, chlorobutanol is almost saturated and may crystallize out of solution if the temperature is reduced.
Losses of chlorobutanol also occur owing to its volatility, with appreciable amounts being lost during autoclaving; at pH 5 about 30% of chlorobutanol is lost. Porous containers result in losses from solutions, and polyethylene containers result in rapid loss. Losses of chlorobutanol during autoclaving in polyethylene containers may be reduced by pre-autoclaving the containers in a solution of chlorobutanol; the containers should then be used immediately. There is also appreciable loss of chlorobutanol through stoppers in parenteral vials.
The bulk material should be stored in an airtight container at a temperature of 8–158℃.

Incompatibilities

Owing to problems associated with sorption, chlorobutanol is incompatible with plastic vials, rubber stoppers, bentonite, magnesium trisilicate, polyethylene, and polyhydroxyethylmethacrylate, which has been used in soft contact lenses. To a lesser extent, carboxymethylcellulose and polysorbate 80 reduce antimicrobial activity by sorption or complex formation.

Regulatory Status

Included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (IM, IV, and SC injection; inhalations; nasal, otic, ophthalmic, and topical preparations). Labeling must state ‘contains chlorobutanol up to 0.5%.’ Included in nonparenteral and parenteral medicines licensed in the UK. Included in the Canadian List of Acceptable Non-medicinal Ingredients.
In the UK, the maximum concentration of chlorobutanol permitted for use in cosmetics, other than foams, is 0.5%. It is not suitable for use in aerosols.