Aluminum chloride

Absorption

It is reported that about 17-30 % of aluminum chloride formed from the reaction between orally ingested aluminum hydroxide and hydrochloric acid of the stomach is absorbed . In rabbits, administration of a single maximum safe oral dose aluminum chloride (333 mg Al/kg) resulted in aluminum absorption of 0.57 % . Aluminum chloride may be absorbed via dermal route, with the uptake increasing in the microgram range but with an upper limit .

Toxicity

Oral LD50 is 3470 mg/kg in rat and dermal LD50 is > 2 g/kg in rabbit . As aluminum accumulates in the brain, ataxia and seizures may be observed following ingestion of higher doses. Mental status changes, including obtundation, lethargy and confusion may be seen . Liver damage has been reported in acute and chronic toxicity of aluminum .

Description

Aluminum chloride (AlCl3) is used as a Lewis acid catalyst for a variety of reactions. The most well-known application of AlCl3 is in Friedel-Crafts reactions. Friedel-Crafts alkylations generally only require a catalytic amount of AlCl3, whereas Friedel-Crafts acylations require greater than one equivalent of AlCl3. This is because the Lewis acidity of AlCl3 results in strong complexes with carbonyl groups (the acylating agent).

Description

At first glance, aluminum chloride appears to be an inorganic salt with the empirical formula AlCl3; however, aluminum, like other group III elements, tends to form covalent bonds with halides. The energetically preferred coordination number of four causes AlCl3?to form the dimer Al2Cl6?shown, even in the vapor phase. AlCl3?is perhaps the quintessential Lewis acid; it reacts violently with water to form strongly acidic solutions. It has been used for decades in industry, most notably as a catalyst in Friedel–Crafts alkylation and acylation reactions, as well as in dozens of other processes. Its hexahydrate is the active ingredient in many antiperspirants.

The Uses of Aluminum chloride

A yellowish-white crystalline or granular powder made by passing chlorine gas over alumina in a heated state and collecting the product by sublimation. Aluminum chloride was occasionally used in gold and platinum toning baths.

The Uses of Aluminum chloride

A solution of the SM (5.00 g, 12.59 mmol), SOCl2 (4.60 mL, 62.97 mmol), and DMF (1 drop) in DCM (20 mL) was stirred at reflux for 2 h. The mixture was concentrated to dryness to give the acid chloride. A mixture of AlCl3 (3.40 g, 25.18 mmol) in DCM (20 mL) was cooled to 5 C, then the acid chloride (prepared above) in DCM (10 mL) was added dropwise over 30 min. After addition, the solution was stirred at RT for 3 h. The mixture was quenched with ice H2O, neutralized with NaOH solution, and extracted with EtOAc (3 x 50 mL). The combined organics were dried (Na2SO4) and concentrated. The residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography (1:4 PE/EtOAc) to provide the product as a yellow solid. [1.86 g, 54%]

Indications

Indicated for the control of minor hemorrhage during dental restorative procedures. Indicated to reduce underarm perspiration. Reduce drug development failure ratesBuild, train, & validate machine-learning modelswith evidence-based and structured datasets.See how Build, train, & validate predictive machine-learning models with structured datasets.See how

What are the applications of Application

Aluminum chloride anhydrous is a widely employed aluminum preparation

Background

Aluminum chloride is a chemical compound with the chemical formula AlCl3. When contaminated with iron chloride, it often displays a yellow color compared to the white pure compound. It is used in various chemical applications as a Lewis base, with anhydrous aluminium trichloride being the most commonly used Lewis acid. It may also be found in over-the-counter as an antiperspirant or prescription products as an antihemorrhagic agent. In antiperspirant products, FDA approves the use of aluminum chloride as an active ingredient up to 15%, calculated on the hexahydrate form, in an aqueous solution nonaerosol dosage form .

Pharmacokinetics

Aluminum chloride is a hemostatic and antiperspirant agent.

Metabolism

In the small intestine, aluminum chloride is rapidly converted to insoluble poorly absorbed basic aluminum salts, consisting of a mixture of hydrated aluminum oxide, oxyaluminum hydroxide, various basic aluminum carbonates, and aluminum soaps .