Sodium acetate

Absorption

It is readily available in the circulation after IV administration.

Toxicity

LD50: 25956 mg/kg (Rat.)

Description

Sodium acetate (CH3COONa) is the sodium salt of acetic acid. It appears as a colorless deliquescent salt with a wide range of applications. In industry, it can be used in textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams and as a photoresist upon using aniline dyes. In concrete industry, it can be used as a concrete sealant to mitigate the water damage. In food, it can be used as a seasoning. It can also be used as a buffer solution in lab. In addition, it is also used in heating pads, hand warmers and hot ice. For laboratory use, it can be produced by the reaction between acetate with the sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium hydroxide. In industry, it is prepared from the glacial acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.

Chemical properties

Anhydrous salt is a colorless crystalline solid; density 1.528 g/cm3; melts at 324°C; very soluble in water; moderately soluble in ethanol. The colorless crystalline trihydrate has a density 1.45 g/cm3; decomposes at 58°C; is very soluble in water; pH of 0.1M aqueous solution is 8.9; moderately soluble in ethanol, 5.3 g/100mL.

Chemical properties

Sodium acetate, CH3COONa, also abbreviated NaOAc , also sodium ethanoate, is the sodium salt of acetic acid, was made by the reaction of acetic acid with sodium carbonate. It is soluble in water but less so in alcohol. This colourless salt has a wide range of uses. Sodium acetate was used as a pH modifier for toning baths.

Chemical properties

Sodium acetate is odorless or has a faint acetous odor. It effloresces in warm, dry air.

Physical properties

Anhydrous salt is a colorless crystalline solid; density 1.528 g/cm³; melts at 324°C; very soluble in water; moderately soluble in ethanol. The colorless crystalline trihydrate has a density 1.45 g/cm³; decomposes at 58°C; is very soluble in water; pH of 0.1M aqueous solution is 8.9; moderately soluble in ethanol, 5.3 g/100mL.

Occurrence

Acetic acid or acetates are present in most plant and animal tissues in small, but detectable amounts

The Uses of Sodium acetate

Used as buffers.
Acidity regulation (buffering)
Sodium acetate mixed with acetic acid forms a pH buffer, which can be used to stabilise the pH of foods in the pH-range from 3 to 6. The table below gives indicative values of the composition needed to give a certain pH. The mixtures below can be diluted at least 10 times with minimum effect on pH, however, the stability decreases.

The Uses of Sodium acetate

Sodium acetate is a mordant in dyeing. Other applications are in photography, as an additive to food, in purification of glucose, in preservation of meat, in tanning, and as a dehydrating agent. In analytical chemistry it is used to prepare buffer solution.
Sodium acetate can be used to preserve processed meats and it is often used in combination with other acid based preservatives like lactates and propionates. The typical inclusion level is 0.2 to 0.5%. Sodium acetate is also used in salad dressings and ready-to-eat meals.

The Uses of Sodium acetate

Sodium Acetate, Anhydrous is a source of acetic acid obtained as a granular powder. it has a solubility of 1 g in 2 ml of water.

What are the applications of Application

Sodium acetate (NaOAc) is the sodium salt of acetic acid and is generally used in organic chemistry as a weak base. Potassium acetate (KOAc) is commonly used than sodium acetate, usually as a base in palladium-catalyzed reactions. Sodium Acetate, Anhydrous is for precipitation of nucleic acids and preparation of gel stains for protein gel electrophoresis. In addition, Sodium acetate buffer solution is 3 M, non-sterile with pH 5.2±0.1; 0.2 μm filtered, and may be used in various molecular biology applications.

Background

Sodium Acetate is chemically designated CH3COONa, a hygroscopic powder soluble in water. Sodium acetate could be used as an additive in food, industry, concrete manufacturing, heating pads, and buffer solutions. Sodium is the principal cation of extracellular fluid. It comprises more than 90% of total cations at its normal plasma concentration of approximately 140 mEq/liter. The sodium ion exerts a primary role in controlling total body water and its distribution. Acetate ions act as hydrogen ion acceptors, an alternative to bicarbonate. Medically, sodium acetate is an important component as an electrolyte replenisher when given intravenously. It is mainly indicated to correct sodium levels in hyponatremic patients. It can also be used in metabolic acidosis and urine alkalinization.

Indications

Injection, USP 40 mEq is indicated as a source of sodium, for addition to large volume intravenous fluids to prevent or correct hyponatremia in patients with restricted or no oral intake. It is also useful as an additive for preparing specific intravenous fluid formulas when the needs of the patient cannot be met by standard electrolyte or nutrient solutions. Sodium acetate and other bicarbonate precursors are alkalinising agents, and can be used to correct metabolic acidosis, or for alkalinisation of the urine.

Preparation

Sodium acetate is prepared by reacting sodium hydroxide or sodium carbonate with acetic acid in aqueous solution. The solution is evaporated to obtain hydrated crystals of sodium acetate.
NaOH + CH3COOH → CH3COONa + H2O
Na2CO3 + CH3COOH → 2CH3COONa + CO2 + H2O

Definition

ChEBI: Sodium acetate is an organic sodium salt. It contains an acetate.

What are the applications of Application

2 - 1 - Industrial
Sodium acetate is used in the textile industry to neutralize sulfuric acid waste streams, and as a photoresist while using aniline dyes. It is also a pickling agent in chrome tanning, and it helps to retard vulcanization of chloroprene in synthetic rubber production. In processing cotton for disposable cotton pads, sodium acetate is used to eliminate the buildup of static electricity.
2 - 2 - Concrete longevity
Sodium acetate is used to reduce the damage water can potentially do to concrete by acting as a concrete sealant, while also being environmentally benign and cheaper than the epoxy alternative that is usually employed for sealing concrete against water permeation.
2 - 3 - Food
Sodium acetate may be added to foods as a seasoning. It may be used in the form of sodium diacetate — a 1:1 complex of sodium acetate and acetic acid, given the E-number E262. A frequent use is to impart a salt and vinegar flavor to potato chips.
2 - 4 - Buffer solution
As the conjugate base of acetic acid, a solution of sodium acetate and acetic acid can act as a buffer to keep a relatively constant pH.
2 - 5 - Heating pad
Sodium acetate is also used in consumer heating pads or hand warmers and is also used in hot ice. Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 58.4°C , (to 58°C ) dissolving in their water of crystallization. When they are heated to around 100°C, and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated. This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature with out forming crystals.

Synthesis

For laboratory use, sodium acetate is very inexpensive, and is usually purchased instead of being synthesized. It is sometimes produced in a laboratory experiment by the reaction of acetic acid (ethanoic acid) with sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium hydroxide. These reactions produce aqueous sodium acetate and water. Carbon dioxide is produced in the reaction with sodium carbonate and bicarbonate, and it leaves the reaction vessel as a gas (unless the reaction vessel is pressurized). This is the well-known "volcano" reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar.
CH₃COOH + NaHCO₃ → CH₃COONa + H₂O + CO₂
Industrially, sodium acetate is prepared from glacial acetic acid and sodium hydroxide.
CH₃COOH + NaOH → CH₃COONa + H₂O.

Reactions

Sodium acetate can be used to form an ester with an alkyl halide such as bromo ethane:
CH₃COONa + Br CH₂CH₃→ CH₃COOCH₂CH₃+ NaBr
Caesium salts catalyze this reaction.

General Description

Sodium Acetate is reported to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes.

Reactivity Profile

When sodium acetate reacts with strong acids, irritating, noxious vapors of acetic acid are usually produced. Sodium acetate is sufficiently basic to catalyze the violent polymerization of diketene, perhaps as well as other reactive dimers that are susceptible to polymerization in the presence of a mild base.

Flammability and Explosibility

Non flammable

Biological Activity

Commonly used laboratory reagent

Safety Profile

Poison by intravenous route. Moderately toxic by ingestion. A skin and eye irritant. Migrates to food from packagmg materials. Violent reaction with F2, m03, diketene. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of Na2O.

Synthesis

Acetic acid plus sodium bicarbonate makes sodium acetate plus carbonic acid. Produced by the neutralization of acetic acid with sodium bicarbonate, or by treating calcium acetate with sodium sulfate and sodium bicarbonate.

Metabolism

In liver, sodium acetate is being metabolized into bicarbonate. To form bicarbonate, acetate is slowly hydrolyzed to carbon dioxide and water, which are then converted to bicarbonate by the addition of a hydrogen ion.

Purification Methods

Crystallise it from acetic acid and keep it under vacuum for 10hours at 120o. Alternatively, it is crystallised from aqueous EtOH, as the trihydrate. This material can be converted to anhydrous salt by heating slowly in a porcelain, nickel or iron dish, so that the salt liquefies. Steam is evolved and the mass again solidifies. Heating is now increased so that the salt melts again. (NB: if it is heated too strongly, the salt can char; avoid this.) After several minutes, the salt is allowed to solidify and is cooled to a convenient temperature (in a desiccator) before being powdered and bottled. The water content should now be less than 0.02%. [Beilstein 2 II 113, 2 III 184, 2 IV 109.]