4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
Synonym(s):4-Amino-5-chloro-N-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxybenzamide;Methoxychloroprocainamide
- CAS NO.:364-62-5
- Empirical Formula: C14H22ClN3O2
- Molecular Weight: 299.8
- MDL number: MFCD00211338
- EINECS: 206-662-9
- SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
- Update Date: 2024-11-19 23:02:33
What is 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide?
Absorption
Metoclopramide is rapidly absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract with an absorption rate of about 84%. The bioavailability of the oral preparation is reported to be about 40.7%, but can range from 30-100%.
Nasal metoclopramide is 47% bioavailable. A 15mg dose reaches a Cmax of 41.0 ng/mL, with a Tmax of 1.25 h, and an AUC of 367 ng*h/mL.
Toxicity
The rat oral LD50 of metoclopramide is 750 mg/kg.
Some symptoms of an overdose with metoclopramide include drowsiness, disorientation, and extrapyramidal reactions. Drugs that manage Parkinson's disease or anticholinergic drugs or antihistamines with anticholinergic properties should be employed to treat extrapyramidal symptoms. Normally, these symptoms subside within 24 hours. Unintentional overdose in infants receiving the oral solution of metoclopramide resulted in seizures, extrapyramidal symptoms, in addition to a lethargic state.
In addition, methemoglobinemia has been found to occur in premature and full-term neonates after a metoclopramide overdose. Intravenous methylene blue may treat metoclopramide-associated methemoglobinemia. It is important to note that methylene blue administration may lead to hemolytic anemia in patients who suffer from G6PD deficiency, which can result in fatality. Dialysis has not been shown to be effective in sufficiently eliminating metoclopramide in an overdose situation due to low plasma distribution of this drug.
Chemical properties
White or almost white, fine powder.
Originator
Primperan,Delagrange,France,1964
The Uses of 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
antidiabetic
The Uses of 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
Metoclopramide is a treatment of choice of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV) prophylaxis.
Background
Diabetic gastroparesis is a condition that causes frequent nausea and vomiting, which has a negative impact on quality of life and poses a significant burden on the healthcare system. Metoclopramide is a dopamine antagonist used to treat nausea and vomiting that may be associated with diabetic gastroparesis in addition to gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). It can also be used to prevent nausea or vomiting associated with chemotherapy or certain surgical or diagnostic procedures.
One unique property of this drug is that it does not increase gastric acid secretion. It is available in the oral tablet form or in solution, and can also be administered through the intravenous route. Metoclopramide was initially approved by the FDA in 1980.
Indications
Metoclopramide in the oral tablet form is used for symptomatic treatment of both acute and recurrent diabetic gastroparesis, in addition to the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in patients who have failed to respond to traditional therapy. A nasal spray formulation is also indicated to treat adults with acute, recurrent diabetic gastroparesis.
In the intravenous injection form, it is indicated for the above conditions as well as for the prevention of vomiting that may follow emetogenic chemotherapy or nausea and vomiting after surgery. Intravenous metoclopramide facilitates intubation of the small bowel and stimulates gastric emptying and barium flow in patients who require radiological examination of the stomach or small intestine. In some cases, the delay of gastrointestinal emptying interferes with the radiographic visualization of the gastrointestinal tract, and metoclopramide is used to facilitate emptying in these cases, allowing for adequate diagnostic visualization.
Some off-label uses of metoclopramide include the management of radiation-induced nausea and vomiting, gastric bezoars, intractable hiccups, and migraine pain.
Definition
ChEBI: A member of the class of benzamides resulting from the formal condensation of 4-amino-5-chloro-2-methoxybenzoic acid with the primary amino group of N,N-diethylethane-1,2-diamine.
Manufacturing Process
The N-(diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-aminobenzamide used as the starting
material may be prepared from o-toluidine. The o-toluidine is initially nitrated
with nitric acid to produce 4-nitro-o-toluidine. The 4-nitro-o-toluidine is then
converted to 2-hydroxy-4-nitrotoluene by heating with nitrous acid. By
reacting the resulting 2-hydroxy-4-nitrotoluene with dimethyl sulfate, 2-
methoxy-4-nitrotoluene is formed. The 2-methoxy-4-nitrotoluene is oxidized
with potassium permanganate to produce 2-methoxy-4-nitrobenzoic acid. The
latter substituted benzoic acid is treated with thionyl chloride to form 2-
methoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride. A methyl ethyl ketone solution of the 2-
methoxy-4-nitrobenzoyl chloride is added over a period of about 1? hours to
a methyl ethyl ketone solution containing an equal molecular quantity of N,Ndiethylethylene diamine while stirring and maintaining the temperature
between 0°C and 5°C. The N-(diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-
nitrobenzamide hydrochloride formed precipitates. It is filtered, washed twice
with methyl ethyl ketone, dissolved in alcohol, and reduced catalytically in an
absolute isopropyl alcohol solution to form N-(diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-
4-aminobenzamide. The base is obtained by precipitating with sodium
hydroxide.
80 g (0.3mol) of N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-aminobenzamide are
dissolved in small portions in 150 cc of acetic acid. The mixture is cooled and
45 g (0.45 mol) of acetic anhydride are added, and the solution obtained is
heated for two hours on a water bath. After cooling, the solution is decanted
into a round-bottomed flask with a stirrer, a thermometer and a tube for
introducing the chlorine. It is stirred and the current of chlorine is passed
through, the temperature being maintained between 20°C and 25°C. The
stirring is continued for one hour after the completion of the absorption of the
chlorine.
The mixture obtained is poured into 2 liters of water and the base is
precipitated with 30% soda. The precipitated base is extracted with 400 cc of
methylene chloride. After evaporation of the solvent, the N-(2-
diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-acetamino-5-chlorobenzamide formed
crystallizes. The melting point is 86°C to 87°C and the yield is 95%.
To obtain the corresponding amino derivative, 109 g of base are heated under
agitation in a round-bottomed flask with 300 cc of 35-36% concentrated
hydrochloric acid and 600 cc of water. It is heated on a water bath until
dissolution is complete, then maintained at boiling point for 90 minutes,
cooled, diluted with 1 liter of water, and neutralized with about 350 cc of 30%
soda. The N-(2-diethylaminoethyl)-2-methoxy-4-amino-5-chlorobenzamide
formed crystallizes, is centrifuged and washed in water. Its melting point is
122°C and the yield is 74%.
To obtain the corresponding dihydrochloride, the base is dissolved in absolute
alcohol (3 volumes) and to that solution is added 5 N alcoholic hydrochloric
acid. The dihydrochloride precipitates, is centrifuged and washed with alcohol.
It is a solid white material, having a melting point of 134°C to 135°C.
brand name
Maxolon (King); Reglan (Baxter Healthcare); Reglan (Robins); Reglan (Schwarz Pharma).
Therapeutic Function
Antiemetic
General Description
Metoclopramide is typically employed as an antiemetic drug or a gastrointestinal prokinetic drug in adults and children.
Pharmacokinetics
Metoclopramide increases gastric emptying by decreasing lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure. It also exerts effects on the area postrema of the brain, preventing and relieving the symptoms of nausea and vomiting. In addition, this drug increases gastrointestinal motility without increasing biliary, gastric, or pancreatic secretions.
Because of its antidopaminergic activity, metoclopramide can cause symptoms of tardive dyskinesia (TD), dystonia, and akathisia, and should therefore not be administered for longer than 12 weeks.
Metabolism
Metoclopramide undergoes first-pass metabolism and its metabolism varies according to the individual. This drug is metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver. CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 both contribute to its metabolism, with CYP2D6 being more heavily involved. CYP1A2 is also a minor contributing enzyme. The process of N-4 sulphate conjugation is a primary metabolic pathway of metoclopramide.
Properties of 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
Melting point: | 146-148°C |
Boiling point: | 418.7±45.0 °C(Predicted) |
Density | 1.2432 (rough estimate) |
refractive index | 1.5200 (estimate) |
storage temp. | 2-8°C |
solubility | Practically insoluble in water, sparingly soluble or slightly soluble in ethanol (96 per cent), slightly soluble in methylene chloride |
form | neat |
pka | pKa 0.42± 0.03;9.71± 0.02(H2O)(Approximate) |
form | Solid |
color | White to Off-White |
BRN | 1884366 |
CAS DataBase Reference | 364-62-5(CAS DataBase Reference) |
NIST Chemistry Reference | Benzamide, 4-amino-5-chloro-n-[2-(diethylamino)ethyl]-2-methoxy-(364-62-5) |
Safety information for 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
Signal word | Warning |
Pictogram(s) |
Exclamation Mark Irritant GHS07 |
GHS Hazard Statements |
H302:Acute toxicity,oral |
Precautionary Statement Codes |
P264:Wash hands thoroughly after handling. P264:Wash skin thouroughly after handling. P270:Do not eat, drink or smoke when using this product. P301+P312:IF SWALLOWED: call a POISON CENTER or doctor/physician IF you feel unwell. P501:Dispose of contents/container to..… |
Computed Descriptors for 4-Amino-5-chloro-N-(2-(diethylamino)ethyl)-2-methoxybenzamide
Abamectin manufacturer
Sibram Pharmaceutical
Biochemical and Synthetic Products PvtLtd
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