Tofacitinib citrate

Description

Tofacitinib citrate, also known as CP-690550 citrate, is a king of drugs developed by the US pharmaceutical company Pfizer for treating rheumatoid arthritis, trade name Xeljanz, for the treatment of methotrexate inadequate response or intolerance to severe active rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in adult patients. This product is a Janus kinase inhibitor, administered twice daily.
November 6, 2012, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Pfizer jointly announced Tofacitinib citrate is approved for the treatment of methotrexate inadequate response or intolerance to severe active rheumatoid joints arthritis (RA) in adult patients.
Xeljanz can be used as monotherapy or in combination with methotrexate or other non-biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (the DMARD) in combination. This medicine should not be in combination with biological DMARD or strong immunosuppressants (such as cyclosporine and azathioprine). Xeljanz is approved by the daily dose of 2 times, each time 5mg.
Seven clinical trials evaluated the safety and efficacy of Tofacitinib citrate in moderate to severe active RA in adult patients. In all tests, compared with patients receiving placebo, patients receiving Xeljanz treatment showed significant improvement in clinical response and physical function.
In Clinical trials, the most common adverse events were upper respiratory tract infection, headache, diarrhea, nasal congestion, sore throat, and nasopharyngitis.
Using Xeljanz was associated with an increased risk of serious infections, including opportunistic infections, tuberculosis, cancer and lymphoma. Xeljanz product label attaches boxed warning on these security risks. Xeljanz treatment is also associated with reducing blood cell counts and increasing cholesterol and liver enzyme values.
In order to study Xeljanz long-term impact on heart disease, cancer and severe infections, FDA requires for a post-marketing study, which will evaluate two doses of Xeljanz (Tofacitinib citrate) therapy, and accept a integration of another group of patients approved by the treatment as a control.

The Uses of Tofacitinib citrate

Tofacitinib citrate has been used:

• as a ligand for human serum albumin in fluorescence quenching, dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements, differential scanning calorimetry and molecular docking studies
• as a medium supplement for full depth articular cartilage (FDC) explants to monitor cytokine-induced proteoglycan loss
• as a Janus kinase inhibitor in MCF7 breast cancer cells

Definition

ChEBI: Tofacitinib citrate is a citrate salt obtained by combining equimolar amounts of tofacitinib and citric acid. Used to treat moderately to severely active Rheumatoid Arthritis. It has a role as an EC 2.7.10.2 (non-specific protein-tyrosine kinase) inhibitor and an antirheumatic drug. It contains a tofacitinib.

General Description

Tofacitinib is a synthetic molecule corresponding to a molecular weight of 312.4 Da and is permeable by transcellular diffusion.

Biological Activity

tofacitinib citrate, also known as cp-690550 citrate, is a potent inhibitor of janus kinase 3 (jak3), a hematopoetic cell-restricted tyrosine kinase involved in signal transduction regulating lymphocyte survival, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. the inhibition is jak3 specific with a selectivity 1000-fold more than other non-jak family kinases. besides inhibiting jaks (ic50 = 1 nm), tofacitinib citrate also inhibits janus kinase 2 (jak2) and janus kinase 1 (jak1) with 20- and 100-fold less in potency respectively. however, in a recent study, the binding affinities (ki) of tofacitinib citrate towards jak1, jak2, and jak3 were reported to be 1.6 nm, 21.7 nm, and 6.5 nm respectively.lalitha vijayakrishnan, r. venkataramanan and palak gulati. treating inflammation with the janus kinase inhibitor cp-690,550. trends in pharmacological sciences 2011: 32 (1); 25-34

Biochem/physiol Actions

Tofacitinib is a potent inhibitor of Janus kinase 3 (JAK3) with some JAK-1 inhibitory activity as well. It blocks downstream STAT signaling resulting in potent inhibition of inflammatory cytokines with resultant immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory activity. Tofacitinib is being investigated for for several autoimmune disorders including, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and dry eye.

Clinical Use

Potent, selective inhibitor of the Janus kinase family:
Treatment of moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis

Side Effects

The most common side effects of Tofacitinib citrate are upper respiratory tract infection, headache, diarrhoea and nasopharyngitis. Other side effects that may occur are increased risk of infections (tuberculosis, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, herpes zoster), higher cholesterol levels, heart disease, stroke and blood clots. Very rare side effects are perforation of the colon, lymphoma and other malignancies.

in vitro

CP-690550 is a specific, orally inhibitor of JAK3, it is 20-to 100-fold less potent for JAK2 and JAK1 with IC50 of 20 nM and 112 nM, respectively. CP-690550 doesn't have potent activity against 30 other kinases (all median IC50 > 3000 nM). CP-690,550 inhibits IL-2–induced proliferation with 30-fold greater potency than its effects on GM-CSF–induced proliferation. CP-690550 effectively inhibits a murine mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) (IC50 = 91 nM). CP-690550 potently inhibits IL-4 induced upregulation of CD23 (IC50=57 nM) and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHCII) expression (IC50=71 nM) on murine B cells. A recent research indicates low dose of CP-690550 accelerates the onset of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by potentiating Th17 differentiation.

in vivo

In a murine model of heterotopic heart transplantation (DBA2 donor heart into C57/BL6 host), CP-690550 results in a dose-dependent increase in survival of transplanted hearts.The EC50 (drug concentration in blood at which 50% of mice will maintain their graft for >28 days) to be ～60 ng/mL.CP-690550 prevents rejection of allogeneic kidneys in nonhuman primate (NHPs, macaca fascicularis) (MST of 62 and 83 days for the 50 to 100 ng/ml groups and 200 to 400 ng/ml groups, respectively). Mice chronically dosed with CP-690550 (1.5-15 mg/kg/day) demonstrate dose and time-dependent alterations in lymphocyte subsets when examined by flow cytometry. The most dramatic change observed is a 96% reduction in splenic NK1.1+TCRb-cell numbers following 21 days of treatment. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses in sensitized mice are reduced in a dose-dependent manner following treatment with CP-690550 (1.87–30 mg/kg, s.c.).

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antibacterials: concentration of tofacitinib reduced by rifampicin - avoid.
Antifungals: concentration of tofacitinib increased by fluconazole and ketoconazole - adjust tofacitinib dose.
Antipsychotics: increased risk of agranulocytosis with clozapine - avoid.
Ciclosporin: concentration of tofacitinib reduced - avoid.
Tacrolimus: concentration of tofacitinib reduced - avoid.
Vaccines: risk of generalised infections with live vaccines - avoid.ccccccc

Description

Tofacitinib citrate is an inhibitor of Janus kinases, a group of intracellular enzymes involved in signalling pathways that affect hematopoiesis and immune cell function.

Metabolism

70% metabolised in the liver by CYP3A4 (major) and CYP2C19 (minor). The 8 metabolites produced are inactive.

The Uses of Tofacitinib citrate

Tofacitinib citrate is a partial and reversible janus kinase (JAK) inihibitor that will prevent the body from responding to cytokine signals. By inhibiting JAKs, tofacitinib prevents the phosphorylation and activation of STATs. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is involved in the transcription of cells involved in hematopoiesis, and immune cell function. Tofacitinib works therapeutically by inhibiting the JAK-STAT pathway to decrease the inflammatory response. However, there is evidence to suggest that it may also achieve efficacy via other pathways as well.

References

1. The mechanism of action of tofacitinib - an oral Janus kinase inhibitor for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. PMID: 26966791
2. Binding of Janus kinase inhibitor tofacitinib with human serum albumin: multi-technique approach DOI:10.1080/07391102.2015.1104522
3. Tofacitinib and TPCA-1 exert chondroprotective effects on extracellular matrix turnover in bovine articular cartilage ex vivo. DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2018.07.034
4. Phosphoproteome profiling reveals critical role of JAK-STAT signaling in maintaining chemoresistance in breast cancer DOI:10.18632/oncotarget.21801
5. Lalitha Vijayakrishnan, R. Venkataramanan and Palak Gulati. Treating inflammation with the janus kinase inhibitor CP-690,550. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 2011: 32 (1); 25-34 DOI:10.1016/j.tips.2010.10.004
6. http://www.medicinenet.com/tofacitinib_citrate_xeljanz/article.htm