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HomeProduct name listPentane

Pentane

Synonym(s):acs solvents;high purity solvents;Pentane

  • CAS NO.:109-66-0
  • Empirical Formula: C5H12
  • Molecular Weight: 72.15
  • MDL number: MFCD00009498
  • EINECS: 203-692-4
  • SAFETY DATA SHEET (SDS)
  • Update Date: 2024-05-07 17:43:10
Pentane Structural

What is Pentane?

Chemical properties

n-Pentane is a flammable liquid. It has applications in industry as an aerosol propellant and as an important component of engine fuel.
	Pentane
pentane lewis structure
N-propane is a CNS depressant. Studies with dogs have indicated that it induces cardiac sensitization. In high concentrations it causes incoordination and inhibition of the righting refl exes.
N-pentane is being used primarily in Europe in integral-skin flexible foams. Pentane is twice as effective as CFC-11 as a blowing agent.

Chemical properties

Pentane is a colorless liquid. Gas above 36C. Gasoline-like odor.

Physical properties

Clear, colorless, volatile liquid with an odor resembling gasoline. An odor threshold concentration of 1.4 ppmv was reported by Nagata and Takeuchi (1990).

The Uses of Pentane

n-Pentane occurs in volatile petroleum fractions(gasoline) and as a constituent ofpetroleum ether. It is used as a solvent, in themanufacture of low-temperature thermometers,and as a blowing agent for plastics.

The Uses of Pentane

Pentane
To the SM (1.77 Kg, 8.58 mol) in anhydrous DMF (8 L) under N2 at 10 C was added NIS (1.93 Kg, 8.58 mol) in portions over 10 min. The reaction mixture was stirred at RT for 2 h, after which time it was cooled using an ice bath and quenched with sat aq Na2CO3 (5 L) and extracted with EtOAc (2 x 15 L). The combined organics were washed with sat aq Na2CO3 (2 x 5 L), H2O (3 x 2 L), dried (Na2SO4), and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting crude material was purified by silica gel column chromatography (25-40% EtOAc/hexanes) to provide the product. [1.47 Kg, 57% over 2 steps]

The Uses of Pentane

n-Pentane is a flammable liquid. It has diverse uses in industry—for instance, as an aerosol propellant and as an important component of engine fuel. n-Pentane is a CNS depressant. Laboratory studies in dogs indicate that prolonged exposure to high concentrations of n-pentane induces cardiac sensitization, poor coordination, and inhibition of the righting reflexes. NIOSH has recommended limits of n-pentane for working areas.

The Uses of Pentane

Fuel; solvent; chemical synthesis

Definition

A straightchain alkane obtained by distillation of crude oil.

Definition

pentane: A straight-chain alkanehydrocarbon, C5H12; r.d. 0.63; m.p.–129.7°C; b.p. 36.1°C. It is obtainedby distillation of petroleum.

Production Methods

Pentane is produced by fractional distillation of natural gas liquids and crude oil. It is also produced by the catalytic crackdown of naphtha.

General Description

A clear colorless liquid with a petroleum-like odor. Flash point 57°F. Boiling point 97°F. Less dense than water and insoluble in water. Hence floats on water. Vapors are heavier than air.

Air & Water Reactions

Highly flammable. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Pentane is incompatible with strong oxidizers. Pentane is also incompatible with strong acids, alkalis, and oxygen. Mixtures with chlorine gas have produced explosions. Pentane will attack some forms of plastics, rubber, and coatings. .

Health Hazard

n-Pentane did not exhibit any marked toxicityin animals. However, inhalation ofits vapors at high concentrations can causenarcosis and irritation of the respiratorypassages. Such effects may be observedwithin the range 5–10% concentration inair. In humans, inhalation of 5000 ppm for10 minutes did not cause respiratory tractirritation or other symptoms (Patty and Yant1929).
There is no report in the literature indicatingany adverse effects from pentaneother than narcosis and irritation. An intravenousLD50 value in mouse is recorded as446 mg/kg (NIOSH 1986).

Fire Hazard

Behavior in Fire: Containers may explode

Flammability and Explosibility

Extremely flammable

Chemical Reactivity

Reactivity with Water No reaction; Reactivity with Common Materials: No reaction; Stability During Transport: Stable; Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent; Polymerization: Not pertinent; Inhibitor of Polymerization: Not pertinent.

Safety Profile

Moderately toxic by inhalation and intravenous routes. Narcotic in high concentration. The liquid can cause blisters on contact. Flammable liquid. Highly dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat, flame, or oxidizers. Severe explosion hazard when exposed to heat or flame. Shock can shatter metal containers and release contents. To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes

Potential Exposure

Pentane is used in manufacture of ice, low-temperature thermometers; in solvent extraction processes; as a blowing agent in plastics; as a fuel; as a chemical intermediate (for amylchlorides, e.g.).

Source

Schauer et al. (1999) reported pentane in a diesel-powered medium-duty truck exhaust at an emission rate of 1,860 μg/km.
A constituent in gasoline. Harley et al. (2000) analyzed the headspace vapors of three grades of unleaded gasoline where ethanol was added to replace methyl tert-butyl ether. The gasoline vapor concentrations of pentane in the headspace were 14.2 wt % for regular grade, 12.6 wt % for midgrade, and 9.3 wt % for premium grade.
California Phase II reformulated gasoline contained pentane at a concentration of 27.6 g/kg. Gas-phase tailpipe emission rates from gasoline-powered automobiles with and without catalytic converters were 4.29 and 536 mg/km, respectively (Schauer et al., 2002).
Schauer et al. (2001) measured organic compound emission rates for volatile organic compounds, gas-phase semi-volatile organic compounds, and particle-phase organic compounds from the residential (fireplace) combustion of pine, oak, and eucalyptus. The gas-phase emission rate of pentane was 4.7 mg/kg of pine burned. Emission rates of pentane were not measured during the combustion of oak and eucalyptus.

Environmental Fate

Biological. n-Pentane may biodegrade in two ways. The first is the formation of pentyl hydroperoxide, which decomposes to 1-pentanol followed by oxidation to pentanoic acid. The other pathway involves dehydrogenation to 1-pentene, which may react with water giving 1- pentanol (Dugan, 1972). Microorganisms can oxidize alkanes under aerobic conditions (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). The most common degradative pathway involves the oxidation of the terminal methyl group forming 1-pentanol. The alcohol may undergo a series of dehydrogenation steps forming an aldehyde (valeraldehyde) then a fatty acid (valeric acid). The fatty acid may then be metabolized by β-oxidation to form the mineralization products, carbon dioxide and water (Singer and Finnerty, 1984). Mycobacterium smegnatis was capable of degrading pentane to 2- pentanone (Riser-Roberts, 1992).
Photolytic. When synthetic air containing gaseous nitrous acid and pentane was exposed to artificial sunlight (λ = 300–450 nm) methyl nitrate, pentyl nitrate, peroxyacetal nitrate, and peroxypropionyl nitrate formed as products (Cox et al., 1980).
Chemical/Physical. Complete combustion in air yields carbon dioxide and water. Pentane will not hydrolyze because it does not contain a hydrolyzable functional group.

Shipping

UN1265 Pentanes Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid.

Purification Methods

Stir the pentane with successive portions of conc H2SO4 until there is no further coloration during 12hours, then with 0.5N KMnO4 in 3M H2SO4 for 12hours, wash with water and aqueous NaHCO3. Dry it with MgSO4 or Na2SO4, then P2O5 and fractionally distil it through a column packed with glass helices. It is also purified by passage through a column of silica gel, followed by distillation and storage with sodium hydride. An alternative purification is by azeotropic distillation with MeOH, which is subsequently washed out from the distillate (using water), followed by drying and re-distilling. For removal of carbonyl-containing impurities, see n-heptane. Also purify it by fractional freezing (ca 40%) on a copper coil through which cold air is passed, then wash with conc H2SO4 and fractionally distil it. [Beilstein 1 IV 303.]

Toxicity evaluation

The mechanism of toxicity is suspected to be similar to other solvents that rapidly induce anesthesia-like effects, that is a ‘nonspecific narcosis’ due to disruption (solvation) of the integrity of the cellular membranes of the central nervous system. The effect is similar to the ‘high’ experienced upon exposure to other aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents.
As seen with other short-chain alkanes, upon inhalation, pentane is moderately toxic and may cause irritation of the respiratory tract and narcosis. The narcotic action of pentane (observed following 1-h exposure to 90 000–120 000 ppm) is, however, much less pronounced than effects seen following exposure to the C1–C4 alkanes. Although the actual biochemical mechanismof toxicity has not been discerned, the narcotic effects seen are most likely related to its physical solvent properties.

Incompatibilities

Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. Incompatible with oxidizers (chlorates, nitrates, peroxides, permanganates, perchlorates, chlorine, bromine, fluorine, etc.); contact may cause fires or explosions. Keep away from alkaline materials, strong bases, strong acids, oxoacids, epoxides. Attacks some plastics, rubbers, and coatings.

Waste Disposal

Dissolve or mix the material with a combustible solvent and burn in a chemical incinerator equipped with an afterburner and scrubber. All federal, state, and local environmental regulations must be observed.

Properties of Pentane

Melting point: -130 °C
Boiling point: 36 °C
Density  0.626 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
vapor density  2.48 (vs air)
vapor pressure  26.98 psi ( 55 °C)
refractive index  n20/D 1.358
Flash point: −57 °F
storage temp.  Store at +5°C to +30°C.
solubility  ethanol: soluble(lit.)
form  Liquid
appearance Colorless liquid
pka >14 (Schwarzenbach et al., 1993)
Specific Gravity 0.63
color  Colorless
Odor Like a gasoline.
Relative polarity 0.009
explosive limit 1.4-8%(V)
Odor Threshold 1.4ppm
Water Solubility  insoluble
λmax λ: 200 nm Amax: ≤0.70
λ: 210 nm Amax: ≤0.20
λ: 220 nm Amax: ≤0.07
λ: 230 nm Amax: ≤0.02
λ: 250 nm Amax: ≤0.004
Merck  14,7116
BRN  969132
Henry's Law Constant 1.20 at 25 °C (J?nsson et al., 1982)
Dielectric constant 1.8(20℃)
Exposure limits TLV-TWA 600 ppm (~1800 mg/m3) (ACGIH), 1000 ppm (~3000 mg/m3) (OSHA), 500 ppm (~1500 mg/m3) (MSHA); STEL 750 ppm (~2250 mg/m3) (ACGIH).
CAS DataBase Reference 109-66-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference Pentane(109-66-0)
EPA Substance Registry System Pentane (109-66-0)

Safety information for Pentane

Signal word Danger
Pictogram(s)
ghs
Flame
Flammables
GHS02
ghs
Exclamation Mark
Irritant
GHS07
ghs
Health Hazard
GHS08
ghs
Environment
GHS09
GHS Hazard Statements H225:Flammable liquids
H304:Aspiration hazard
H336:Specific target organ toxicity,single exposure; Narcotic effects
H411:Hazardous to the aquatic environment, long-term hazard
Precautionary Statement Codes P210:Keep away from heat/sparks/open flames/hot surfaces. — No smoking.
P273:Avoid release to the environment.

Computed Descriptors for Pentane

InChIKey OFBQJSOFQDEBGM-UHFFFAOYSA-N

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