Ozanimod

Absorption

Ozanimod is absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. The Cmax of ozanimod is 0.244 ng/mL and is achieved at 6 to 8 hours after administration, reaching steady-state at about 102 hours after administration. The AUC is 4.46 ng*h/mL. Its delayed absorption reduces effects that may occur after the first dose, such as heart rate changes. The peak plasma concentration of ozanimod is low due to a high volume of distribution.

Toxicity

Overdose and LD50 information for ozanimod is not readily available in the literature. The NOAEL dose is 0.164 mg/kg/d for monkeys, and the human equivalent dose to this is about 0.053 mg/kg/day. An overdose of this drug likely results in adverse effects such as somnolence, fatigue, headache, dizziness, bradyarrhythmia, cardiac conduction defects, hypertension, liver injury, and nausea.

Description

Ozanimod is a sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P₁) and S1P₅ agonist. It induces GTPγS binding in cell membranes expressing human S1P₁ or S1P₅ (EC₅₀s = 0.41 and 11 nM, respectively) but not cell membranes expressing S1P₂ or S1P₃ receptors (EC₅₀s = >10,000 nM for both). Ozanimod (0.2 mg/kg) reduces the number of peripheral lymphocytes in rats. It reduces disease severity and the number of circulating lymphocytes in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Ozanimod (0.3 and 1 mg/kg) reduces disease severity and body weight loss in a mouse model of TNBS-induced colitis. Formulations containing ozanimod have been used in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis and ulcerative colitis.

The Uses of Ozanimod

Ozanimod is an agonist that binds to S1P1 and S1P5 receptors. Experiments on rodents revealed that Ozanimod is effective against autoimmune diseases.

Indications

Ozanimod is a sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator indicated for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS), to include clinically isolated syndrome, relapsing-remitting disease, and active secondary progressive disease, in adults. It is also used to treat moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis (UC) in adults.

Background

Ozanimod is a once-daily sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor modulator for the treatment of relapsing Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and inflammatory bowel disease. It was developed by Celgene (now acquired by Bristol-Myers Squibb) and was approved by the FDA on March 26, 2020. The US approval was followed by the approval in Canada on October 2, 2020. In November 2021, ozanimod was also approved by the European Commission for the treatment of adults with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
MS is a devastating inflammatory disease that often progresses and causes severe neurological, physical, and cognitive effects. Inflammatory bowel disease also a chronic inflammatory condition and can cause persistent abdominal pain, diarrhea, bloody stools, and vomiting.
In clinical trials, Ozanimod has been shown to be well-tolerated and has resulted in a higher decrease in the rate of MS relapses than with intramuscular interferon beta-1a, a current standard in MS therapy. Studies involving patients with inflammatory bowel disease have also shown promising results.

Pharmacokinetics

Ozanimod reduces circulating lymphocytes that cause the neuroinflammation associated with MS, reducing debilitating symptoms and, possibly, disease progression. During clinical trials, ozanimod reduced MS-associated brain volume loss in several regions. Ozanimod causes the sequestration of peripheral lymphocytes, reducing circulating lymphocytes in the gastrointestinal tract.

in vitro

ozanimod(rpc1063) was a specific agonist for s1p1 and s1p5 receptors. the ec50values were 160 ± 60 pm and 410 ± 160 pm for s1p1 receptors in the inhibition of camp generation and[35s]-gtpγs binding. the 83% emax value of ozanimod against s1p5 receptor was 11 ± 4.3 nm. rpc1063 dose-dependently decreased s1p1 receptor re-expression on the cell surface and resulted in near complete and sustained loss of cell surface receptor expression at concentrations above 10 nm in s1p1 receptor-hek293t cells after 1 h incubation [1].

Enzyme inhibitor

This orally available S1PR1 modulator (FW = 404.46 g/mol; CAS 1306760- 87-1; Solubility: 81 mg/mL DMSO; < 1 mg/mL H2O), also named RPC1063 and 5-[3-[(1S)-2,3-dihydro-1-[(2-hydroxyethyl)amino]-1H-inden- 4-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl]-2-(1-methylethoxy)benzonitrile, selectively targets sphingosine 1-Phosphate (S1P) receptors, which mediate multiple processes, including lymphocyte trafficking, cardiac function, and endothelial barrier integrity. Ozanimod is specific for S1P1R (IC50 = 0.4 nM) and S1P5R, inducing S1P1R internalization and reversibly reducing the number of circulating B and CCR7+ T lymphocytes in vivo. It shows high oral bioavailability and volume of distribution, and a circulatory half-life that supports once daily dosing. Oral ozanimod reduced inflammation and disease parameters in three autoimmune disease models, commending its use in the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis (RMS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Indeed, the safety and efficacy of this modulator ozanimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis is indicated on the basis of a randomized, placebo-controlled, Phase 2 trial. Other SIPR1-directed immunomodulators include laquinimod, ponesimod, and siponimod.

in vivo

the t1/2 of ozanimod was 4.7 h and 5.1 h in mice and rats after p.o. administration, respectively. about 81–82% decrease in circulating t lymphocyte was observed after dosing administration for 6 h, with a maximal blood concentration of 45 nm and 159 nm in rats and mice respectively. oral gavage of ozanimod dose-dependently reduced the disease score of mice in both doses (0.2 or 0.6 mg/kg/day) [1].

Metabolism

Ozanimod has two major active metabolites CC112273 and CC1084037 and minor active metabolites such as RP101988, RP101075, and RP101509, which target the S1P1 and S1P5 receptors. The enzymes involved in the metabolism of ozanimod include ALDH/ADH, NAT-2, Monoamine Oxidase B, and AKR 1C1/1C2. After metabolism, ozanimod (6%), CC112273 (73%), and CC1084037 (15%) are accounted for in the circulation.

storage

Store at -20°C

References

scott f l, clemons b, brooks j, et al. ozanimod (rpc1063) is a potent sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor‐1 (s1p1) and receptor‐5 (s1p5) agonist with autoimmune disease‐modifying activity[j]. british journal of pharmacology, 2016.sandborn wj, feagan bg1, et al. ozanimod induction and maintenance treatment for ulcerative colitis. n engl j med. 2016, 374(18):1754-1762.