Hafnium(IV) chloride

Chemical properties

Hafnium(IV) chloride is the inorganic compound with the formula HfCl4. This colourless solid is the precursor to most hafnium organometallic compounds. It has a variety of highly specialized applications, mainly in materials science and as a catalyst.

Physical properties

White monoclinic crystal; sublimes at 317°C; melts at 432°C at 33 atm (triple point); critical temperature 452.5°C; critical pressure 53.49 atm; critical volume 314 cm3/mol.

The Uses of Hafnium(IV) chloride

Hafnium tetrachloride is an important intermediate in production of hafnium metal. It also is used to prepare many hafnium compounds.

The Uses of Hafnium(IV) chloride

Hafnium chloride tetrahydrofuran complex is an efficient catalyst for the Diels-Alder cycloadditions, Ziegler-Natta polymerization of alkenes. It is used as control rods in nuclear reactors and in manufacture of light bulb filaments.

The Uses of Hafnium(IV) chloride

Hafnium (IV) chloride can be used to catalyze the direct ester condensation of carboxylic acids with alcohols effectively.

Preparation

Hafnium(IV) chloride can be prepared
(i) by chlorination of hafnium dioxide in the presence of carbon:
HfO₂ + 2Cl₂ + C → HfCl₄ + 2CO
It also may be prepared by several other methods, such as
(ii) reaction of carbon tetrachloride with hafnium dioxide above 450°C;
(iii) heating a mixture of hafnium dioxide and carbon above 700°C;
and (iv) reaction of chlorine with hafnium at elevated temperatures.

Reactions

Hafnium(IV) chloride hydrolyzes, evolving hydrogen chloride:
HfCl4 + H2O→ HfOCl2+ 2 HCl
Aged samples thus often are contaminated with oxychlorides, which are also colourless.
THF forms a monomeric 2:1 complex:
HfCl4+ 2 OC4H8→HfCl4(OC4H8)2

Flammability and Explosibility

Non flammable

Solubility in organics

Soluble in methanol, acetone, reacts strongly with water, highly hygroscopic, hydrolyzes in water.

Structure and conformation

This group 4 halide contains hafnium in the +4 oxidation state. Solid Hafnium(IV) chloride is a polymer with octahedral Hf centers. Of the six chloride ligands surrounding each Hf centre, two chloride ligands are terminal and four bridge to another Hf centre.