Formic acid

Description

Formic acid is a clear, colorless liquid with a pungent odor. Formic acid was first isolated from certain ants and was named after the Latin formica, meaning ant. It is made by the action of sulfuric acid on sodium formate, which is produced from carbon monoxide and sodium hydroxide. It is also produced as a by-product in the manufacture of other chemicals such as acetic acid.
It can be anticipated that use of formic acid will continuously increase as it replaces inorganic acids and has a potential role in new energy technology. Formic acid toxicity is of a special interest as the acid is the toxic metabolite of methanol.

Chemical properties

Formic acid, or methanoic acid, is the first member of the homologous series identified as fatty acids with the general formula RCOOH. Formic acid was obtained first from the red ant; itscommon name is derived from the family name for ants, Formicidae. This substance also occurs naturally in bees and wasps, and is presumed to be responsible for the "sting" of these insects. Formic acid has a pungent, penetrating odor. It may be synthesized from anhydrous sodium formate and concentrated H2S04 at low temperature followed by distillation.

Physical properties

Clear, colorless, fuming liquid with a pungent, penetrating odor. Odor threshold concentration is 49 ppm (quoted, Amoore and Hautala, 1983). it is miscible in water, alcohol, ether, and glycerin, and is obtained by chemical synthesis or oxidation of methanol or formaldehyde.

Occurrence

Widespread in a large variety of plants; reported identifed in Cistus labdanum and the oil of Artemisia trans- iliensis; also found among the constituents of petit grain lemon and bitter orange essential oil; reported found in strawberry aroma Reported found in apple, sweet cherry, papaya, pear, raspberry, strawberry, peas, cheeses, breads, yogurt, milk, cream, buttermilk, raw fsh, cognac, rum, whiskey, cider, white wine, tea, coffee and roasted chicory root

History

Formic acid is taken from the Latin word forant, formica. Naturalists had observed the acrid vapor from ant hills for hundreds of years. One of the earliest descriptions of formic acid was reported in an extract of a letter written from John Wray (1627–1705) to the publisher of Philosophical Transactions published in 1670. Wray’s letter reported on “uncommon Observations and Experiments made with an Acid Juyce to be Found in Ants” and noted the acid was previously obtained by Samuel Fisher from the dry distillation of wood ants. Formic acid is found in stinging insects, plants, unripe fruit, foods, and muscle tissue. J?ns Jacob Berzelius (1779–1848) characterized formic acid in the early 19th century, and it wasfirst synthesized from hydrocyanic acid by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778–1850) at about the same time. A number of synthetic preparations of formic acid were found in the first half of the 19th century. Marcellin Berthelot (1827–1907) discovered a popular synthesis using oxalic acid and glycerin in 1856; he and several other chemists from his period found syntheses of formic acid by heating carbon monoxide in alkaline solutions.

The Uses of Formic acid

Formic acid occurs in the stings of ants andbees. It is used in the manufacture of estersand salts, dyeing and finishing of textiles andpapers, electroplating, treatment of leather,and coagulating rubber latex, and also as areducing agent.

The Uses of Formic acid

Formic acid has a number of commercial uses. It is used in the leather industry to degreaseand remove hair from hides and as an ingredient in tanning formulations. It is used as alatex coagulant in natural rubber production. Formic acid and its formulations are used aspreservatives of silage. It is especially valued in Europe where laws require the use of naturalantibacterial agents rather than synthetic antibiotics. Silage is fermented grass and crops thatare stored in silos and used for winter feed. Silage is produced during anaerobic fermentationwhen bacteria produce acids that lower the pH, preventing further bacterial action. Acetic acidand lactic acid are the desired acids during silage fermentation. Formic acid is used in silageprocessing to reduce undesirable bacteria and mold growth. Formic acid reduces Clostridiabacteria that would produce butyric acid causing spoilage. In addition to preventing silagespoilage, formic acid helps preserve protein content, improves compaction, and preservessugar content. Formic acid is used as a miticide by beekeepers.

Definition

ChEBI: Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid, containing a single carbon. Occurs naturally in various sources including the venom of bee and ant stings, and is a useful organic synthetic reagent. Principally used as a preservative and antibacterial agent in livestock feed. Induces severe metabolic acidosis and ocular injury in human subjects. It has a role as an antibacterial agent, a protic solvent, a metabolite, a solvent and an astringent. It is a conjugate acid of a formate.

Production Methods

Formic acid is manufactured as a by-product of the liquidphase oxidation of hydrocarbons to acetic acid. It is also produced by (a) treating sodium formate and sodium acid formate with sulfuric acid at low temperatures followed by distillation or (b) direct synthesis from water and CO2 under pressure and in the presence of catalysts.

Reactions

Formic acid solution reacts as follows: (1) with hydroxides, oxides, carbonates, to form formates, e.g., sodium formate, calcium formate, and with alcohols to form esters; (2) with silver of ammonio-silver nitrate to form metallic silver; (3) with ferric formate solution, upon heating, to form red precipitate of basic ferric formate; (4) with mercuric chloride solution to form mercurous chloride, white precipitate; and (5) with permanganate (in the presence of dilute H2SO4) to form CO2 and manganous salt solution. Formic acid causes painful wounds when it comes in contact with the skin. At 160 °C, formic acid yields CO2 plus H2. When sodium formate is heated in vacuum at 300 °C, H2 and sodium oxalate are formed. With concentrated H2SO4 heated, sodium formate, or other formate, or formic acid, yields carbon monoxide gas plus water. Sodium formate is made by heating NaOH and carbon monoxide under pressure at 210 °C.

Preparation

Most of formic acid is made from carbon monoxide, either by heating it with sodium hydroxide to produce sodium formate, which is then acidified, or via the base-catalyzed reaction of CO and methanol to make methyl formate, which is hydrolyzed to the acid.

Biotechnological Production

Formic acid is generally produced by chemical synthesis . However, biotechnological routes are described in literature. First, formic acid could be produced from hydrogen and bicarbonate by whole-cell catalysis using a methanogen. Concentrations up to 1.02 mol.L-1 (47 g.L-1) have been reached within 50 h. Another example is the formation of formic acid and ethanol as co-products by microbial fermentation of glycerol with genetically modified organisms. In small-scale experiments, 10 g.L-1 glycerol has been converted to 4.8 g.L-1 formate with a volumetric productivity of 3.18 mmol.L-1.h-1 and a yield of 0.92 mol formate per mole glycerol using an engineered E. coli strain.

Taste threshold values

Taste characteristics at 30 ppm: acidic, sour and astringent with a fruity depth.

Hazards

Formic Acid is harmful.It is considered to have acute toxicity to the human body. lt is dangerous to the skip 、the eye，and the nasal cavity.

Toxicity

Formic acid has acute toxicity when exposed to the human body. It causes skin corrosion, which may result inirreversible damage to the skin.It can cause skin burn and eye irritation if exposed to the eyes. lt is harmful ifswallowed,and it is also a combustible material.

General Description

Formic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid. Crystal structure study by single-crystal X-ray diffraction technique at -50°C has shown that it has an orthorhombic structure with space group Pna. The photodegradation of formic acid has been investigated using ab intio calculations and time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Its utility as a fuel in direct fuel cells has been studied. The momentum distribution for its monomer have been evaluated by electron momentum spectroscopy (EMS).

Air & Water Reactions

Fumes in air. Soluble in water with release of heat.

Reactivity Profile

Formic acid reacts exothmerically with all bases, both organic (for example, the amines) and inorganic. Reacts with active metals to form gaseous hydrogen and a metal salt. Reacts with cyanide salts to generate gaseous hydrogen cyanide. Reacts with diazo compounds, dithiocarbamates, isocyanates, mercaptans, nitrides, and sulfides to generate flammable or toxic gases. Reacts with sulfites, nitrites, thiosulfates (to give H2S and SO3), dithionites (SO2), to generate flammable and/or toxic gases and heat. Reacts with carbonates and bicarbonates to generate carbon dioxide but still heat. Can be oxidized by strong oxidizing agents and reduced by strong reducing agents. These reactions generate heat. May initiate polymerization reactions or catalyze other chemical reactions. A mixture with furfuryl alcohol exploded [Chem. Eng. News 18:72(1940)].

Hazard

Corrosive to skin and tissue.

Health Hazard

Formic acid is a low to moderately toxicbut highly caustic compound. It is corrosiveto the skin, and contact with pure liquidcan cause burns on the skin and eyes. It ismore toxic than acetic acid. Formic acid isa metabolite of methanol responsible for thelatter’s toxicity. Thus, the acute acidosis ofmethanol is due to the in vivo formation offormic acid generated by the actionof enzymes, alcohol dehydrogenase, andaldehyde dehydrogenase. Ingestion of formicacid can cause death. Long-term exposure toformic acid can cause kidney damage. Greenet al. (2003) have found increased excretionof formic acid and the development of kidneytoxicity in rats following chronic dosingwith trichloroethanol and trichloroethylene.Such induced nephrotoxicity was attributedto excretion and acidosis from formic acid.
Exposure to formic acid vapors may produce irritation of the eyes, skin, and mucousmembranes, causing respiratory distress.
LD50 value, oral (mice): 700 mg/kg
LC50 value, inhalation (mice): 6200 mg/m³/15 minutes
Liesivuori and Savolainen (1991) studiedthe biochemical mechanisms of toxicityof methanol and formic acid. Formicacid is an inhibitor of the enzymemitochondrial cytochrome oxidase causinghistotoxic hypoxia. It is, however, a weakerinhibitor than cyanide and hydrosulfideanions. The effects of its acidosis are dilationof cerebral vessels, facilitation of the entryof calcium ions into cells, loss of lysosomallatency, and deranged production of ATP, thelatter affecting calcium reabsorption in thekidney tubules. Also, urinary acidificationfrom formic acid and its excretion maycause continuous recycling of the acid bythe tubular cell Cl-/formate exchanger. Suchsequence of events probably causes anaccumulation of formate in urine. Other thanmethanol, methyl ethers, esters, and amidesalso metabolize forming formic acid
Chan et al. (1995) have reported a caseof systemic toxicity developed in a 3-yearold girl burned by formic acid over 35% of her total body surface area. The metabolicacidosis in this case was profound with theserum formate level reaching at 400 μg/mL,the highest reported in the literature forpoisoning by any route. The patient wassuccessfully treated with hemodialysis, IVbicarbonate, and supportive measures.
In a study on the poisoning effect ofmethanol and its toxic metabolite formicacid on the retinal photoreceptors and theretinal pigment epithelian cells Treichel et al.(2004) found that the cytotoxic effects weregreater in the retinal photoreceptors althoughboth the cell types accumulated similar levelsof formate when their cultured cell lineswere exposed to formic acid in vitro. Formicacid treatment in both cell types produceddecreases in glutathione and glutathioneperoxidase.

Fire Hazard

Special Hazards of Combustion Products: Toxic vapor generated in fires

Safety Profile

Poison by inhalation, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Moderately toxic by ingestion. Mutation data reported. Corrosive. A skin and severe eye irritant. A substance migrating to food from packaging materials. Combustible liquid when exposed to heat or flame; can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Explosive reaction with furfuryl alcohol, H202, T1(NO3)3*3H2O nitromethane, P2O5. To fight fire, use CO2, dry chemical, alcohol foam. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.

Potential Exposure

Formic acid is a strong reducing agent and is used as a decalcifier. It is used in pharmaceuticals; in dyeing textiles and finishing color-fast wool; electroplat ing, coagulating latex rubber; regeneration old rubber, and dehairing, plumping, and tanning leather. It is also used in the manufacture of acetic acid, airplane dope; allyl alcohol; cellulose formate; phenolic resins; and oxalate; and it is used in the laundry, textile, insecticide, refrigeration, and paper industries; as well as in drug manufacture.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts theskin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediatelywith soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. Ifthis chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility. When this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. If victim is conscious, administer water ormilk. Do not induce vomiting.

Source

Formic acid naturally occurs in carrots, soybean roots, carob, yarrow, aloe, Levant berries, bearberries, wormwood, ylang-ylang, celandine, jimsonweed, water mint, apples, tomatoes, bay leaves, common juniper, ginkgo, scented boronia, corn mint, European pennyroyal, and bananas (Duke, 1992).
Formic acid was formed when acetaldehyde in the presence of oxygen was subjected to continuous irradiation (λ >2200 ?) at room temperature (Johnston and Heicklen, 1964).
Formic acid was identified as a constituent in a variety of composted organic wastes. Detectable concentrations were reported in 16 of 21 composts extracted with water. Concentrations ranged from 0.02 mmol/kg in a sawdust + dairy cattle manure to 30.65 mmol/kg in fresh dairy manure. The overall average concentration was 9.64 mmol/kg (Baziramakenga and Simard, 1998).

Environmental Fate

Biological. Near Wilmington, NC, organic wastes containing formic acid (representing 11.4% of total dissolved organic carbon) were injected into an aquifer containing saline water to a depth of about 1,000 feet. The generation of gaseous components (hydrogen, nitrogen, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and methane) suggested that formic acid and possibly other waste constituents were anaerobically degraded by microorganisms (Leenheer et al., 1976).
Heukelekian and Rand (1955) reported a 5-d BOD value of 0.20 g/g which is 57.1% of the ThOD value of 0.83 g/g.
Photolytic. Experimentally determined rate constants for the reaction of formic acid with OH radicals in the atmosphere and aqueous solution were 3.7 x 10^-13 and 2.2 x 10^-13 cm³/molecule? sec, respectively (Dagaut et al., 1988).
Chemical/Physical. Slowly decomposes to carbon monoxide and water. At 20 °C, 0.06 g of water would form in 1 yr by 122 g formic acid. At standard temperature and pressure, this amount of formic acid would produce carbon monoxide at a rate of 0.15 mL/h. The rate of decomposition decreases with time because the water produced acts as a negative catalyst (Barham and Clark, 1951).
Slowly reacts with alcohols and anhydrides forming formate esters.
At an influent concentration of 1.00 g/L, treatment with GAC resulted in an effluent concentration of 765 mg/L. The adsorbability of the GAC used was 47 mg/g carbon (Guisti et al., 1974).

storage

(1) Color Code—White: Corrosive or ContactHazard; Store separately in a corrosion-resistant location.(2) Color Code—Yellow Stripe (strong reducing agent):Reactivity Hazard; Store separately in an area isolated fromflammables, combustibles, or other yellow-coded materials.Prior to working with this chemical you should be trainedon its proper handling and storage. Before entering confinedspace where this chemical may be present, check to makesure that an explosive concentration does not exist. Keep insealed containers in well-ventilated area. Protect from heator flame and materials listed above under“Incompatibilities.” Where possible, automatically pumpliquid from drums or other storage containers to processcontainers.

Shipping

UN1779 Formic acid, with>85% acid by mass, Hazard class: 8; Labels: 8-Corrosive material, 3-Flammable liquid

Purification Methods

Anhydrous formic acid can be obtained by direct fractional distillation under reduced pressure, the receiver being cooled in ice-water. The use of P2O5 or CaCl2 as dehydrating agents is unsatisfactory. Reagent grade 88% formic acid can be satisfactorily dried by refluxing with phthalic anhydride for 6hours and then distilling it. Alternatively, if it is left in contact with freshly prepared anhydrous CuSO4 for several days about one half of the water is removed from 88% formic acid; distillation then removes the remainder. Boric anhydride (prepared by melting boric acid in an oven at a high temperature, cooling in a desiccator, and powdering) is a suitable dehydrating agent for 98% formic acid; after prolonged stirring with the anhydride the formic acid is distilled under vacuum. Formic acid can be further purified by fractional crystallisation using partial freezing. [Beilstein 2 IV 3.]

Toxicity evaluation

Formic acid toxicity is based on the inhibitory capability of the cytochrome oxidase, a terminal member of the eukaryotic mitochondrial electron transport chain and an integral protein complex of the inner mitochondrial membrane. This enzyme participates in the four-electron reduction of oxygen molecule to water with concomitant synthesis of ATP. Formic acid inhibits the activity of cytochrome oxidase by binding at the sixth coordination position of ferric heme iron. The cytochrome oxidase inhibition by formic acid increases with decreasing pH, suggesting that the active inhibitor is the undissociated acid. The acid is permeable through the inner mitochondrial membrane only in this form. Acidosis may potentiate the inhibition of cellular respiration and hasten the onset of cellular injury. Also the progressive acidosis will induce circulatory failure. This leads to tissue hypoxia and lactic acid production, both of which further increase the acid load, in turn increasing undissociated formic acid. This cycle is termed ‘circulus hypoxicus.’
The acidosis causes, e.g., dilatation of cerebral vessels, facilitation of the entry of calcium ions into cells, loss of lysosomal latency, and deranged production of ATP. The last effect seems to impede parathormone-dependent calcium reabsorption in the kidney tubules. Besides, urinary acidification is affected by formic acid. Its excretion causes continuous recycling of the acid by the tubular cell chloride/formate exchanger, which may partially explain an accumulation of formate in urine.

Incompatibilities

Vapors may form explosive mixture with air. A medium strong acid and a strong reducing agent. Violent reaction with oxidizers, furfuryl alcohol; hydrogen peroxide; nitromethane. Incompatible with strong acids; bases, ammonia, aliphatic amines; alkanolamines, isocya nates, alkylene oxides; epichlorohydrin. Decomposes on heating and on contact with strong acids forming carbon monoxide. Carbamates are incompatible with strong acids and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents such as hydrideds and active metals. Contact with active metals or nitrides form flammable gaseous hydrogen. Incompatible with strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and hydroperoxides. Attacks metals: aluminum, cast iron and steel; many plastics, rubber and coatings.

Waste Disposal

Incineration with added solvent. Consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance on acceptable disposal practices. Generators of waste containing this contaminant (≥ kg/mo) must conform with EPA regulations governing storage, transpor tation, treatment, and waste disposal.