Carbon Black

Description

Carbon black is a finely divided form of carbon. It may ignite explosively if suspended in air in the presence of an ignition source or slowly undergo spontaneous combustion upon contact with water. In addition, it is toxic by inhalation, with a TLV of 3.5 mg/m3 in air. Primary uses are in the manufacture of tires, belt covers, plastics, carbon paper, colorant for printing inks, and as a solar-energy absorber.

Chemical properties

finely divided black dust or powder

Chemical properties

Carbon black (essentially elemental carbon), is a black or brown liquid or solid (powder). Odorless solid. Carbon black oil is flammable and has a petroleum odor.

Physical properties

Carbon black [1333-86-4] is virtually pure elemental carbon (diamond and graphite are other forms of nearly pure carbon) in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles that are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons. Its physical appearance is that of a black, finely divided pellet or powder, the latter sometimes small enough to be invisible to the naked eye. Its use in tires, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings is related to the properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and color.
It is in the top 50 industrial chemicals manufactured worldwide, based on annual tonnage. Current worldwide production is about 15 billion pounds per year (6.81 million metric tons). Approximately 90% of carbon black is used in rubber applications, 9% as a pigment, and the remaining 1% as an essential ingredient in hundreds of diverse applications.
Modern carbon black products are direct descendants of early “lampblack”, first produced in China over 3500 years ago. These early lampblacks were not very pure and differed greatly in their chemical composition from current carbon blacks. Since the mid-1970s most carbon black has been produced by the oil furnace process, which is most often referred to as furnace black.
Unlike diamond and graphite, which are crystalline carbons, carbon black is an amorphous carbon composed of fused particles called aggregates. Properties, such as surface area, structure, aggregate diameter and mass differentiate the various carbon black grades.

The Uses of Carbon Black

Carbon black Super-P (TIMCAL) was used as conductive agent. Super P furnace black the best conductive additive. Carbon black (conducting material, super P black) was added with binder in the composite electrode to compensate the low electrical conductivity of PPy and PPyDVB in miniemulsion polymerization. The hybrid Super P-SACNT conductive network manifests itself as a promising strategy to improve the battery performances with a minimum amount of conductive fillers.

The Uses of Carbon Black

Tire treads, belt covers, and other abrasion- resistant rubber products; plastics as a reinforc- ing agent, opacifier, electrical conductor, UV- light absorber; colorant for printing inks;carbon paper; typewriter ribbons; paint pigment; nucleat- ing agent in weather modification; expanders in bat- tery plates; solar-energy absorber (see note).

The Uses of Carbon Black

In the rubber, plastic, printing, and paint industries as a reinforcing agent and a pigment

Definition

A finely divided form of carbon, practically all of which is made by burning vaporized heavy-oil frac- tions in a furnace with 50% of the air required for complete combustion (partial oxidation). This type is also called furnace black. Carbon black can also be made from methane or natural gas by crack- ing (thermal black) or direct combustion (channel black), but these methods are virtually obsolete. All types are characterized by extremely fine particle size, which accounts for their reinforcing and pig- menting effectiveness.

Definition

A finely divided form of carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of such hydrocarbon fuels as natural gas or petroleum oil. It is used as a black pigment in inks and as a filler for rubber in tire manufacture.

Definition

carbon black: A fine carbon powdermade by burning hydrocarbons in insufficientair. It is used as a pigmentand afiller (e.g. for rubber).

What are the applications of Application

Carbon black is a type of fine soot that is obtained from materials that have not been completely burned. It has various applications, including its use in polishing celluloid and bone.

General Description

Multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs, CNTs) were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). In chemical vapor deposition (CVD), a volatile precursor undergoes thermal decomposition at elevated temperatures to form a solid deposit on a substrate. 1 Carboxylic acid groups can be attached to the defect sides and ends of the nanotube by treatment with oxidizing agents. Carboxylic acid groups can be easily derivatized into different functional groups.

Hazard

Possible carcinogen. Bronchitis.

Health Hazard

There are no well demonstrated health hazards to humans from acute exposure to carbon black.
Commercial carbon black is a spherical colloidal form of nearly pure carbon particles and aggregates with trace amounts of organic impurities adsorbed on the surface. Potential health effects usually are attributed to these impurities rather than to the carbon itself. Soots, by contrast, contain mixtures of particulate carbon, resins, tars, and so on, in a nonadsorbed state.

Biochem/physiol Actions

The use of dextran-coated charcoal makes the immunoassay of insulin in biological fluids simpler and more rapid. In theory, the charcoal coated with dextran will adsorb the free hormone and leave hormones that are bound to a carrier (or antibody). Dextran coated charcoal is used to strip hormones from serum instead of charcoal alone, because there is less loss of protein using dextran coated charcoal.

Safety Profile

Mildly toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. Questionable carcinogen. Mutation data reported. See also CARBON. A nuisance dust in high concentrations. We it is true that the tiny particulates of carbon black contain some molecules of carcinogenic materials, the carcinogens are apparently held tightly and are not eluted by hot or cold water, gastric juices, or blood plasma.

Potential Exposure

Used as reinforcing agent and filler for rubber; colorants for ink, paint, and plastics. Workers in carbon black production or in its use in rubber compounding, ink and paint manufacture, plastics compounding, drycell battery manufacture.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts theskin and PAH contamination is present, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water.Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical hasbeen inhaled, remove from exposure, begin rescue breathing(using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask)if breathing has stopped and CPR if heart action hasstopped. Transfer promptly to a medical facility. When thischemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. Givelarge quantities of water and induce vomiting. Do not makean unconscious person vomit.

storage

Color Code—Yellow Stripe (strong reducingagent): Reactivity Hazard; Store separately in an area isolated from flammables, combustibles, or other yellow-codedmaterials. Prior to working with carbon black you should betrained on its proper handling and storage. Carbon blackmust be stored to avoid contact with chlorates, bromates,and nitrates since violent reactions occur. Sources of ignition, such as smoking and open flames, are prohibitedwhere carbon black is used, handled, or stored in a mannerthat could create a potential fire or explosion hazard. If carbon black contains more than 0.1% PAHs it should be used,handled, and stored in a regulated area as a carcinogen. Aregulated, marked area should be established where thischemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance withOSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Shipping

Carbon black oil: UN1993 Flammable liquids, n.o.s., Hazard Class: 3; Labels: 3-Flammable liquid, Technical Name Required.

Properties and Applications

TEST ITEMS	SPECIFICATION
APPEARANCE	BLACK POWDER / BEAD
SHADE	BLUISH
DBP ABSORPTION NUMBER	99 cc/100g
BET SURFACE AREA	80 m 2 /g
pH VALUE	10.0
AVERAGE ORIGINAL PARTICAL SIZE	34 nm
DENSITY	g/l
IMPURITY	NO FOUND
VOLATITE	2.0 %
TINTING STRENGTH vs IRB#3	100 % min

Structure and conformation

Carbon black is a solid conslstmg of spherical particles showing a significant degree of two-dimensional symmetry. The key physicochemical properties of carbon blacks, which vary between different manufacturing processes, are structure, particle size, surface area, and chemical composition. The crystalline regions in carbon black consist of well-developed graphite platelets stacked roughly parallel to one another, but random in orientation with respect to adjacent layers. These regions are 1.5-2.0 nm wide and 1.2-1.5 nm high, corresponding to 4 to 5 layer planes per crystallite containing about 375 carbon atoms. A particle of a carbon black with a surface area of 100 m2/g contains over 4000 crystallites ordered in a concentric layer plane arrangement.

Incompatibilities

Carbon blacks containing over 8% volatiles may pose an explosion hazard. Dust can form an explosive mixture in air. A reducing agent; keep away from strong oxidizers, such as chlorates, bromates, nitrates.

Waste Disposal

Dump into a landfill or incinerate as a slurry.