Daunorubicin hydrochloride

Description

Daunorubicin HCl (23541-50-6) is an antitumor antibiotic used in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemias.1?Induces DNA damage by intercalation.2?Induces apoptosis in a variety of cell lines.3?Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine enhances daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in K562 cells.4?Cell permeable.

Chemical properties

Dark Red Crystals

Originator

Cerubidine,Rhone-Poulenc Rorer,France

The Uses of Daunorubicin hydrochloride

Anthracycline antibiotic related to the rhodomycins. Antineoplastic

The Uses of Daunorubicin hydrochloride

Antineoplastic;DNA intercaling

The Uses of Daunorubicin hydrochloride

anti-neoplastic LD50 in mice 26 mg/kg

The Uses of Daunorubicin hydrochloride

A DNA intercalator which may suppress acute leukemia proliferation

What are the applications of Application

Daunorubicin hydrochloride is a DNA intercalator which may suppress acute leukemia proliferation

Definition

ChEBI: Daunorubicin hydrochloride is an anthracycline.

Manufacturing Process

A 170 liter fermentation vessel is charged with:
Corn steep
2.400 kg
Sucrose
3.600 kg
Calcium carbonate
0.900 kg
Ammonium sulphate
0.240 kg
Water
to 100 liters
This culture medium has a pH of 6.15. It is sterilised by passage of steam at 122°C for 40 minutes. After cooling, the volume of the broth is 120 liters and the pH is 7.20. The medium is then seeded with 200 cc of a culture of the strain Streptomyces 31723. The culture is carried out for 27 hours at 26°- 27°C with agitation and aeration with sterile air. It is then suitable for seeding the production culture. The production culture is carried out in an 800 liter formentation vessel charged with the following:
Soya flour 20 kg
Distillers' solubles 2.500 kg
Soya oil 2.500 liters
Soya oil 2.500 liters
Sodium chloride 5 kg
Water to 465 liters
Starch 10 kg
The pH of the medium thus obtained is adjusted to 7.20 with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution (400 cc). The medium is then sterilised by the passage of steam at 122°C for 40 minutes. After cooling, the volume of the broth is 500 liters and the pH is 6.75. It is then seeded with 50 liters of the culture from the 170 liter fermentation vessel. Culture is carried out at 28°C for 67 hours with agitation and aeration with sterile air. The pH of the medium is then 7.40 and the volume of the fermentation culture is 520 liters. The quantitiy of antibiotic present in the medium is 29 μ/cc.
The above fermentation culture (520 liters; activity 29 μ/cc) is placed in a vessel equipped with an agitator and the pH is adjusted to 1.8 with a concentrated solution of oxalic acid. Agitation is carried out for one hour and a filtration adjuvant (20 kg) then added. The mixture is filtered on a filter-press and the filter-cake washed with water (100 liters) acidified to pH 2 with oxalic acid. The filtrate (612 liters) is treated with concentrated sodium hydroxide solution until the pH is 4.5. The filtrate is then passed through a column containing Amberlite IRC 50 in hydrogen form (20 liters; diameter of column 15.2 cm, height of column 200 cm, height of resin at rest in column 110 cm). The filtrate passes through the bed of Amberlite from base to top at a rate of 40 liters/hour. The column is then washed with water (100 liters) at a rate of 50 liters/hour circulating from base to top and then with methanol (containing 10% water; 75 liters) circulating from top to base at a rate of 50 liters/hour. The washings are discarded and the column is then eluted with a solution having the following composition (per liter):
The eluate (100 liters), which contains the major part of the antibiotic, is concentrated under reduced pressure at 35°C to 10 liters. The concentrate is extracted at pH 7.5 with chloroform (2 times 5 liters). The chloroformic extract is adjusted to pH 4 with a solution of acetic acid in chloroform (10:100 by volume) and then concentrated at 30°C under reduced pressure to 100 cc. The antibiotic is precipitated by the addition of hexane (1 liter), separated, washed and dried to give an amorphous red powder (9 g) of activity 1,400 μ/mg.
The crude antibiotic (17.1 g) obtained as above described (activity 1530 μ/mg) is dissolved with stirring in a mixture of methylene chloride (1.5 liters), carbon tetrachloride (0.3 liters) and water (1.8 liters). The pH is then adjusted
9865 RP (500 mg), obtained as above described, is dissolved in normal sulphuric acid (100 cc) and the solution obtained is heated for 20 minutes on a water-bath. After cooling and extracting with ethyl acetate (3 times 200 cc), the organic extract is dried over anhydrous sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated to a small volume, giving, after filtering, washing and drying, crystals (218.5 mg). These crystals (150 mg) are dissolved in chloroform (3 cc) and benzene (1.5 cc) and the solution obtained is chromatographed on 20 sheets of Arches No. 310 paper impregnated with a solution of acetone containing 20% formamide, and developed for 90 minutes by means of a 2:1 mixture of chloroform and benzene saturatd with formamide. The principal zone of Rf = 0.86 is cut out of each of the 20 sheets and the 20 zones thus cut out are comminuted in a mixer in the presence of methanol. The mixture obtained is filtered, concentrated, and water (10 volumes) added. The precipitate obtained is filtered off, washed and dried under reduced pressure to give crystals (120 mg). These crystals (170 mg) are dissolved in dioxan containing 20% water (15 cc) and water acidified to pH 4 with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid is added dropwise. The crystals formed are filtered off, washed and dried, thus giving the aglycone of 9865 RP (130 mg) in the form of orange-red needles, having a first melting point at 160°C and a second at 225°C-230°C.
Daudorubicin can be prepared by gene ingineering methods also. to 3 by the addition of normal hydrochloric acid (8 cc). After decanting, the aqueous phase is treated with methylene chloride (7 liters) and 0.1 N sodium hydroxide solution (200 cc) to give a pH of 7.5. After decanting, the aqueous phase is again extracted at pH 7.5 with methylene chloride (3.5 liters). The methylene chloride extracts are combined and concentrated to 100 cc. After the addition of hexane (1 liter) to the concentrate, a product precipitates which is filtered off, washed and dried at 30°C under reduced pressure to give the antibiotic 9865 RP (9.15 g) in the form of an amorphous orange-red powder of activity 2180 μ/mg.

brand name

Cerubidine (Bedford); Cerubidine (Sanofi Aventis); Cerubidine (Wyeth).

Therapeutic Function

Antineoplastic

General Description

Orange-red powder. Thin red needles decomposing at 188-190°C. An anti-cancer drug.

General Description

Daunorubicin is available in 20- and 100-mg vials for reconstitution.The agent is given intravenously for the treatmentof acute nonlymphocytic and lymphocytic leukemia. Otherunlabeled uses include CML and Kaposi sarcoma. In general,its use is more limited than that of doxorubicin.Daunorubicin lacks the hydroxyl groups found at C-14 ofdoxorubicin. This leads to an increase in the amount of thealcohol metabolite daunorubicinol (active) arising as a resultof reduction of the side chain ketone. This, however, doesnot appear to lead to a significant increase in the occurrenceof cardiotoxicity compared with doxorubicin. The mechanismsof resistance and toxicities of daunorubicin are similarto that of doxorubicin; the major difference betweenthe two agents being the spectrum of cancers that they areused treat.
A liposomal form of daunorubicin is also availableknown as DaunoXome. The drug offers the same advantagesas those seen for the liposomal form of doxorubicin.

Air & Water Reactions

Water soluble.

Reactivity Profile

Daunorubicin hydrochloride may emit toxic oxides of nitrogen when heated.

Biological Activity

Anticancer agent that is clinically used to treat nonlymphocytic leukaemia. Inhibits RNA and DNA synthesis and causes DNA fragmentation in vivo .

Biochem/physiol Actions

Potent anticancer agent. Inhibits DNA and RNA synthesis as sequence specific ds-DNA intercalating agent.

Pharmacokinetics

Like Doxil (the liposomal formulation of doxorubicin), DaunoXome is indicated for use in AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma and is administered IV at a dose of 40 mg/m2 every 2 weeks. The pharmacokinetic profiles of Doxil and DaunoXome are similar.

Clinical Use

Daunorubicin is administered IV at a dose of 45 mg/m2 for the treatment of lymphocytic and nonlymphocytic leukemia.

Metabolism

The 18.5-hour terminal half-life of daunorubicin is approximately half that of doxorubicin, and the terminal half-life of the active daunorubicinol metabolite is 26.7 hours. Excretion is approximately 40% biliary and 25% urinary.

storage

+4°C

References

1) Laurent and Jaffrezou (2001),?Signaling pathways activated by daunorubicin; Blood?98?913 2) Yang et al. (2014), Doxorubicin, DNA torsion, and chromatin dynamics; Biochim.Biophys.Acta, 1845 84 3) Masquelier?et al.?(2004),?Relationship between daunorubicin concentration and apoptosis induction in leukemic cells; Biochem.Pharmacol.?67?1047 4) Han?et al.?(2011),?Autophagy inhibition enhances daunorubicin-induced apoptosis in K562 cells; PLoS One?6?e28491