Sulfisoxazole

Toxicity

LD50=6800 mg/kg (Orally in mice)

Chemical properties

white to cream powder

Originator

Gantrisin,Roche,US,1949

The Uses of Sulfisoxazole

Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide based antibacterial that exhibits activity against wide spectrum of gram-negative and gram-positive bacterium.

Background

A short-acting sulfonamide antibacterial with activity against a wide range of gram- negative and gram-positive organisms.

Indications

For the treatment of severe, repeated, or long-lasting urinary tract infections, meningococcal meningitis, acute otitis media, trachoma, inclusion conjunctivitis, nocardiosis, chancroid, toxoplasmosis, malaria and other bacterial infections.

What are the applications of Application

Sulfisoxazole is an ETAR antagonist

Definition

ChEBI: A sulfonamide antibacterial with an oxazole substituent. It has antibiotic activity against a wide range of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms.

Manufacturing Process

112 parts of 3,4-dimethyl-5-amino-isoxazole were dissolved in a mixture of 100 volume parts of pyridine and 200 volume parts of acetone. The mixture is cooled with cold water and 240 parts p-acetamino-benzene sulfonic acid chloride are added in small portions under stirring at temperatures of below 30°C. The mixture is left standing overnight at 20° to 30°C and then the 5- acetamino-benzene-sulfonylamino-3,4-dimethyl-isoxazole is precipitated by the addition of water. Recrystallized from acetic acid or alcohol it forms small prisms of the melting point 210°C.
100 parts of the 5-acetamino-benzene-sulfonyl-amino-3,4-dimethyl-isoxazole are boiled under reflux with 500 volume parts 15 to 20% aqueous hydrochloric acid for 30 to 45 minutes until all is dissolved. 500 parts crystallized sodium acetate are added and the liquid left cooling for crystallization. The sulfanilamido-3,4-dimethyl-isoxazole is sucked off, washed with water and dried. In the pure state it forms white prisms with the melting point of 193°C.

brand name

Gantrisin (Roche).

Therapeutic Function

Antibacterial

Antimicrobial activity

Like all examined sulfanilamides, this drug is effective in treating infections caused by streptococci, gonococci, pneumococci, staphylococci, and also colon bacillus. However, about 90% of it binds with proteins in the plasma after oral administration, and it diffuses mostly to tissues and tissue fluids, which makes it the drug of choice for many systemic infections. Synonyms of this drug are gantrisin, fultrxin, sulfazin, sulfolar, and others.

General Description

Odorless white to yellowish crystalline powder. Slightly bitter taste. Acid to litmus.

General Description

Sulfisoxazole’s plasmahalf-life is 6 hours. This compound is a white, odorless,slightly bitter, crystalline powder. Its pKa is 5.0. At pH 6,this sulfonamide has a water solubility of 350 mg in100 mL, and its acetyl derivative has a solubility of 110 mgin 100 mL of water.Sulfisoxazole possesses the action and the uses of othersulfonamides and is used for infections involving sulfonamide-sensitive bacteria. It is claimed to be effective in thetreatment of Gram-negative urinary infections.

Air & Water Reactions

May be sensitive to prolonged exposure to air and light. Sensitive to heat. Slightly soluble in water.

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Sulfisoxazole are not available; however, Sulfisoxazole is probably combustible.

Pharmaceutical Applications

3,4-Dimethyl-5-sulfanilamidoisoxazole. It is highly soluble, even in acid urine. The spectrum and potency are typical of the group. It is well absorbed, achieving a concentration of around 20 mg/L 3–4 h after a 2 g oral dose.
Side effects are those common to other sulfonamides. It is less prone than some other members of the group to cause renal problems. Its principal use is in urinary tract infection, and is present in some ophthalmic preparations.

Biological Activity

A selective ET A endothelin receptor antagonist (IC 50 values are 600 and 2200 nM for ET A and ET B receptors respectively).

Pharmacokinetics

Sulfisoxazole is a sulfonamide antibiotic. The sulfonamides are synthetic bacteriostatic antibiotics with a wide spectrum against most gram-positive and many gram-negative organisms. However, many strains of an individual species may be resistant. Sulfonamides inhibit multiplication of bacteria by acting as competitive inhibitors of p-aminobenzoic acid in the folic acid metabolism cycle. Bacterial sensitivity is the same for the various sulfonamides, and resistance to one sulfonamide indicates resistance to all. Most sulfonamides are readily absorbed orally. However, parenteral administration is difficult, since the soluble sulfonamide salts are highly alkaline and irritating to the tissues. The sulfonamides are widely distributed throughout all tissues. High levels are achieved in pleural, peritoneal, synovial, and ocular fluids. Although these drugs are no longer used to treat meningitis, CSF levels are high in meningeal infections. Their antibacterial action is inhibited by pus.

Safety Profile

Mildly toxic by ingestion. An experimental teratogen. Questionable carcinogen. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of SOx and NOx.

Synthesis

Sulfisoxazole, N1 -(3,4-dimethyl-5-isoxazolyl)sulfanilamide (33.1.19), is synthesized by reacting 4-acetylaminobenzenesulfonyl chloride with 5-amino-3, 4-dimethylisoxazol (33.1.17), which is in turn synthesized by heterocyclization of 2-methylacetylacetonitrile with hydroxylamine, and subsequent acidic hydrolysis (hydrochloric acid) of the protective acetyl group in the resulting product (33.1.18).

Metabolism

Not Available