Grape Seed Extract

Chemical properties

Grape seed extract has an astrigent taste.

Occurrence

Grapeseed is found throughout the world.

The Uses of Grape Seed Extract

Grape seed extract is a natural product, with anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects. Grape seed extract shows inhibitory activity on the fat-metabolizing enzymes pancreatic lipase and lipoprotein lipase. Grape seed extract induces apoptotic in human colorectal cancer cells.

The Uses of Grape Seed Extract

Grapeseed may be used as an antioxidant and an anticancer treatment. It may also be used to treat varicose veins, circulatory problems, and vision problems such as cataracts, and to improve vision by lessening eye strain.

Composition

Standardized grape seed extracts are reported to contain 74 to 78% oligomeric proanthocynidins and less than approx- imately 6% of free favanol monomers on a dry weight basis Specifcally, grape seed extract contains the favanol monomers (+)-cat- echin, (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epicatechin gallate, (–)-epigallocatechin and (–)-epigallocatechin gallate.

Anticancer Research

Grape seed extract (GSE) has high quantities of proanthocyanidins and resveratrol.Human colorectal cancer cell (CRC) exposure to GSE (Schonthal 2012) resulted inmodified ER chaperones glucose-related protein-78 (GRP78) and protein disulphideisomerase (PDI). GRP78 is needed for integrity of ER as well as stress-inducedautophagy (Flaumenhaft et al. 2015). PDI, a thiol-disulphide oxidoreductase,catalyses the disulphide bonds in newly synthesized proteins in the ER lumen (Hanet al. 2013; Wang and Kaufman 2014; Perri et al. 2016), and PDIA3 is localized tothe ER and is involved in protein folding (Wang et al. 2012b). Studies on the role ofPDI in cancer have demonstrated a pro-oncogenic, pro-survival role for PDI incancer and therapeutic resistance. PDI aids in ameliorating stress-induced apoptosisand causes degradation of wrongly folded proteins (Dinicola et al. 2010; Xu et al.2014). Hence, any obstruction caused in the activity of PDI will induce stress in thecell and lead to cell apoptosis. Fructose bisphosphate aldolase, a key enzymeinvolved in glycolysis, is also a potential target of GSE (Vandewynckel et al. 2016).The ER stress leads the cell to undergo apoptotic pathways in multiple ways andhence inhibits the proliferation of the targeted cells (Farooqi et al. 2015).