TRIOXSALEN

Chemical properties

White to slightly beige crystalline powder

Originator

Trisoralen,Elder,US,1965

The Uses of TRIOXSALEN

Trioxsalen has been used:

• to induce small deletion mutations in worms
• in combination with ultraviolet A (UVA)
• to induce interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) in DNA
• for the preparation and photoactivation of trimethyl psoralen

The Uses of TRIOXSALEN

melanizing agent, antipsoriatic

Indications

Trioxsalen is a pigmenting photosensitizing agent used in conjunction with ultraviolet light in the treatment of vitiligo.

Background

Trioxsalen (trimethylpsoralen, trioxysalen or trisoralen) is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative obtained from several plants, mainly Psoralea corylifolia. Like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered either topically or orally in conjunction with UV-A (the least damaging form of ultraviolet light) for phototherapy treatment of vitiligo and hand eczema. The photoactivated form produces interstrand linkages in DNA resulting in cell apoptosis. In research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of DNA damage.[3] The compound is has been explored for development of antisense oligonucleotides that can be cross-linked specifically to a mutant mRNA sequence without affecting normal transcripts differing at even a single base pair.

What are the applications of Application

Trioxsalen is a photochemical crosslinker of DNA used as a probe for nucleic acid structure

Definition

ChEBI: 7H-Furo[3,2-g]chromen-7-one in which positions 2, 5, and 9 are substituted by methyl groups. Like other psoralens, trioxsalen causes photosensitization of the skin. It is administered orally in conjunction with UV-A for phot therapy treatment of vitiligo. After photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in DNA, inhibiting DNA synthesis and cell division, and can lead to cell injury; recovery from the cell injury may be followed by increased melanisation of the epidermi .

Indications

Trioxsalen (Trisoralen) followed by UVA exposure is used to repigment vitiliginous areas and in photochemotherapy.

Manufacturing Process

(A) Preparation of 7-Hydroxy-4,8-Dimethylcoumarin: Chilled ethyl acetoacetate (157 ml, 1.20 mols) followed by 2-methyl-resorcinol (130 g, 1.04 mols) was dissolved in well-stirred concentrated sulfuric acid (600 ml) at such a rate as to keep the temperature below 10°C (ice bath). The stirred solution was allowed to warm gradually and after 3 hours was added to water (ca 8 liters) with mechanical stirring. The product was collected, washed twice with water, and dried at 70° to 80°C until the first sign of darkening. Yield 191.3 g (95.4%). Recrystallization from aqueous ethanol gave 7-hydroxy-4,8- dimethylcoumarin as colorless needles, MP 260.5° to 261°C. In dilute sodium hydroxide, the compound gives a yellow solution which exhibits blue fluorescence. (B) Preparation of 7-Allyloxy-4,8-Dimethylcoumarin: 7-Hydroxy-4,8- dimethylcoumarin (191.3 g, 1.01 mols), anhydrous potassium carbonate (604 g, 4.37 mols), and allyl bromide (578 ml, 6.22 mols) were refluxed overnight in acetone (ca 3 liters) with mechanical stirring. The reaction mixture was concentrated nearly to dryness on a steam bath under reduced pressure, water (ca 8 liters) was added, and the product was collected by filtration. It was washed with 5% NaOH and water (ca 1.5-liter portions) and was dried in a vacuum desiccator. The dry solid was washed with petroleum ether (30° to 60°C) to remove excess allyl bromide. Removal of the petroleum ether under reduced pressure left 210.0 g (90.7% yield) of product. The 7-allyloxy-4,8- dimethylcoumarin was crystallized from aqueous ethanol as colorless needles, MP 108° to 109°C.
(C) Preparation of 6-Allyl-7-Hydroxy-4,8-Dimethylcoumarin: 7-Allyloxy-4,8- dimethylcoumarin (195.0 g, 0.84 mol) was heated (oil bath) to 2154°C (reaction mixture temperature) for 3 hours and was then poured into absolute alcohol (ca 1.5 liters). Activated carbon (Norite) (19.5 g) was added, and the solution was heated to boiling, filtered, and diluted with excess water (ca 12 liters). The product was collected by filtration and partially dried at 70°C for 6 hours. 6-Allyl-7-hydroxy-4,8-dimethylcoumarin was obtained as pale yellow microcrystalline prisms, MP 166° to 168°C, by two recrystallizations from aqueous ethanol of a portion of the partially dried solid. The remaining partially dried solid was used in the next step.
(D) Preparation of 7-Acetoxy-6-Allyl-4,8-Dimethylcoumarin: A solution of the partially dried 6-allyl-7-hydroxy-4,8-dimethylcoumarin obtained in the previous step, acetic anhydride (915 ml, 9.7 mols) and fused sodium acetate (2 g) was refluxed for 4 hours and added to water (ca 8 liters) with mechanical stirring. After excess acetic anhydride had decomposed, the 7- acetoxy-6-allyl-4,8-dimethylcoumarin was collected by filtration, dried, and recrystallized from absolute alcohol, MP 144.5° to 145.5°C. Yield 145.4 g (63.8%, based on 7-allyloxy-4,8-dimethylcoumarin).
(E) Preparation of 7-Acetoxy-6-(2',3'-Dibromopropyl)-4,8-Dimethylcoumarin: 7-Acetoxy-6-allyl-4,8-dimethylcoumarin (145.4 g, 0.534 mol) was dissolved in chloroform (ca 800 ml). The stirred solution was cooled in an ice bath and bromine (85.2 g, 0.534 mol) in chloroform (200 ml) was added at such a rate as to keep the temperature below 25°C. Evaporation of chloroform on the steam bath left an off-white residue of the crude dibromide. Yield 230.6 g (quantitative). 7-Acetoxy-6-(2',3'-dibromopropyl)-4,8-dimethylcoumarin was crystallized from ethanol as colorless prisms, MP 141.5° to 142.5°C. (F) Preparation of 2',4,8-Trimethylpsoralen: Crude 7-acetoxy-6-(2',3'- dibromopropyl)-4,8-dimethylcoumarin (245.7 g, 0.57 mol) was refluxed for 1 1/2 hours with a stirred solution of sodium (65.4 g, 2.85 mols) in a magnesium-dried ethanol (2.1 liters). After standing at room temperature for 15 minutes, the reaction mixture was poured into a stirred mixture of ice (8,000 g) and a 3.5% HCl (8 liters). Twelve hours later, the precipitate had coagulated and was collected by filtration; it was thoroughly washed with successive 3-liter portions of 5% NaOH, water, 0.5% HCl, and water. After partial drying at 60°C for 5 hours, the crude trimethylpsoralen material was thoroughly dried in a vacuum desiccator. Yield 110.1 g (85%). Fractional crystallization, using activated carbon (Norite) (30.8 g), from mixtures of chloroform and petroleum ether (30° to 60°C) and finally from chloroform alone gave colorless prisms of 2',4,8-trimethylpsoralen, MP 234.5° to 235°C. Yield 61.8 g (48%)

brand name

Trisoralen (Valeant).

Therapeutic Function

Dermal pigmentation enhancer

Biological Activity

trioxsalen has been reported to intercalate into dna forming dna single-strand adducts and interstrand crosslinks when activated with uv light.

Biochem/physiol Actions

Photochemical crosslinker of DNA that has been used as a probe for nucleic acid structure and function. Trioxsalen has also been used to crosslink DNA onto mica surfaces.

Pharmacokinetics

Trioxsalen ispharmacologically inactive but when exposed to ultraviolet radiation or sunlight it is converted to its active metabolite to produce a beneficial reaction affecting the diseased tissue.

in vitro

trioxsalen (trimethylpsoralen, trioxysalen or trisoralen) is a furanocoumarin and a psoralen derivative. it is obtained from several plants, mainly psoralea corylifolia. like other psoralens it causes photosensitization of the skin. after photoactivation it creates interstrand cross-links in dna, which can cause programmed cell death unless repaired by cellular mechanisms. in research it can be conjugated to dyes for confocal microscopy and used to visualize sites of dna damage [1].

in vivo

mice received 3h-trioxsalen either orally or intraperitoneally. it was found that over 88% of trioxsalen, after po or i.p. administration, was excreted in the urine within 8 hours and over 90% within 12 hours. the distribution patterns of trioxsalen radioactivity demonstrated that trioxsalen was selectively present in liver, skin, and blood and was barely detectable in other organs. the highest values were observed between 2 and 6 hours and diminished rapidly thereafter [1].

Metabolism

Not Available

Purification Methods

Purify trioxsalen by recrystallisation from CHCl3. If too impure, it is fractionally crystallised from CHCl3/pet ether (b 30-60o) using Norit and finally crystallised from CHCl3 alone to give colourless prisms, m 234.5-235o. It is a photosensitiser so it should be stored in the dark. [UV: Kaufmann J Org Chem 26 117 1961, Baeme et al. J Chem Soc 2976 1949, Beilstein 19/4 V 472.]

References

[1] mahmoud m. a. hassan. trioxsalen. analytical profiles of drug substances volume 10, 1981, pages 705-727.