ISOXABEN

The Uses of ISOXABEN

Isoxaben is used primarily for preemergence control of annual broadleaf weeds. Isoxaben is usually applied to soil either with light incorporation or before application of water (at least 0.5 in) within 3 weeks. As is the case with DCB, it is most effective on weed seedlings before emergence.

The Uses of ISOXABEN

Isoxaben is a herbicide residue in tea and other plants. A cellulose biosynthesis inhibitor in plants.

What are the applications of Application

Isoxaben is a benzamide family herbicide that inhibits cellulose biosynthesis

Definition

ChEBI: A benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 2,6-dimethoxybenzoic acid and the amino group of 3-(3-methylpentan-3-yl)-1,2-oxazol-5-amine.

Pharmacology

Although isoxaben is readily absorbed through the root system, foliar absorption and translocation is poor. Reduced root absorption may be partly responsible for the tolerance of some dicot species to isoxaben, although differences in the site of action appears to be the major contributing factor in tolerance (15).Up to 50% of absorbed isoxaben is metabolized within 6 days following root application (16). Differences in metabolism cannot explain the selectivity of isoxaben between tolerant and susceptible species (17,18). Metabolism of isoxaben involves hydroxylation of the propyl side group and glucosylation. 2,6-dimethoxybenzamide is found as a minor metabolite (19). Isoxaben prevents the germination and growth of seedlings before emergence, by inhibiting cell division.
The primary mode of action of isoxaben is inhibition of cellulose biosynthesis, although the exact mechanism is unclear. Isoxaben has been shown to specifically inhibit the incorporation of glucose into the acid-insoluble fraction (presumed to be cellulose) of the cell walls of Arabidopsis thaliana (20) and soybean cell suspension cultures (21). This herbicide also disrupts cell plate formation in root tips (22) and tobacco suspension cells (23). Isoxaben affects a different site of action compared with DCB, as it inhibits cytokinesis at an earlier stage in which callose is deposited at the developing cell plate (23). There are no known cases of resistance to this herbicide.

Metabolism

Isoxaben is adsorbed strongly to soil and therefore has very limited mobility. Volatilization and photodegradation of isoxaben is negligible when applied to soil. Isoxaben is mainly degraded by soil organisms and has an average half-life of 1 to 2 months in the field, providing an average of 5 to 6 months of weed control at normal rates of application (19).

Toxicity evaluation

Isoxaben is classified as a general use herbicide. Although it is noncarcinogenic, it is classified as a Class C oncogen based on increased incidence of benign liver tumors in one experimental system tested (mice). It is relatively nontoxic to mammals with an oral LD₅₀ of >10 g/kg in rats and mice (19).
Isoxaben is nonflammable and noncorrosive. It is stable under normal conditions, but it is degraded by ultraviolet light in aqueous solution and decomposes at 220 ?C (19).