EXANTA

Absorption

Rapidly absorbed by the small intestine with an oral bioavailability of 20%.

Toxicity

Hepatotoxicity (liver damage) was reported during trials.

Description

Ximelagatran is an ester prodrug of melagatran, a potent, direct, and reversible thrombin inhibitor (K_i = 1.2 nM). While melagatran has poor oral bioavailability, ximelagatran displays good bioavailability resulting, in part, from rapid absorption at the gastrointestinal tract, as well as rapid onset of action. Ximelagatran is converted to melagatran by reduction and hydrolysis at the liver and other tissues. It is used as an anticoagulant in a variety of situations, including thromboembolic disorders, stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation, and therapy in vein thrombosis.

Description

Ximelagatran, a prodrug of melagatran with improved oral bioavailability, is a direct thrombin inhibitor that was launched for the prevention of venous thromboembolic events (VTE) in elective hip or knee replacement surgery in Germany with several European countries following with approval for the same indication. A mutual recognition European filing was subsequently submitted for the prevention of stroke and other thromboembolic complications associated with atrial fibrillation (AF). While studies indicate that ximelagatran is as effective as traditional therapies for preventing strokes and recurring blood clots, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has currently declined approval due to potential hepatotoxicity. Elevation of alanine aminotransferase (three times the upper limit of normal) has been observed in the first four months of therapy, but levels regress to normal upon discontinuation of the drug. Despite the questions surrounding the toxicological consequences of this elevated liver enzyme, ximelagatran remains an attractive alternative to the current antithrombotic therapies that utilize either the low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or warfarin. Since LMWH is administered subcutaneously once or twice daily, the oral agent ximelagatran is preferable for patient compliance. In addition to the convenience of oral therapy, ximelagatran does not require the frequent laboratory monitoring and dosage adjustment that is necessary with warfarin treatment. A clinical study comparing the efficacy of a fixed dose (36 mg b.i.d.) of ximelagatran with adjusted dose warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation concluded that ximelagatran is not inferior to warfarin, and major bleeding occurred at rates similar to warfarin. The synthesis route to ximelagatran involves the coupling of the three major components, cyclohexylglycine, azetidine-2-carboxylic acid, and protected p-amidinobenzylamine, using solution-phase peptide chemistry. Subsequent alkylation of the N-terminus with ethyl bromoacetate, followed by deprotection of the amidine group and conversion to hydroxyamidine affords the double prodrug of melagatran. Delivery as ximelagatran provides reproducible oral bioavailability (18–25%), as measured by concentrations of the active metabolite melagatran formed by hydrolysis of the ethyl ester and dehydroxylation of the amidine. Melagatran reversibly binds to the arginine side pocket of both free and clot-bound thrombin (K_i=2 nM). Inhibition of thrombin ultimately blocks the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin, the final step of the coagulation process. A linear relationship between ximelagatran dose and melagatran concentration exists with peak concentrations observed two to three hours post dose. Renal excretion is the primary route of elimination of melagatran (80%) with a half-life of 3–5 hours. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetics of ximelagatran is not influenced by the type of thromboembolic disease, obesity, ethnicity, gender, or age. In addition to the typical contraindications of current antithrombotic therapies, the increase in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase suggests that ximelagatran should not be used in patients with creatine clearance ＜30 mL/min. pending further study in this population. While ximelagatran does not appear to have any interactions with the cytochrome P-450 system, combination with aspirin has been shown to increase adverse bleeding.

Chemical properties

Off-White Amorphous Solid

Originator

AstraZeneca (Germany)

The Uses of EXANTA

An orally active direct thrombin inhibitor; prodrug of Melagatran. Antithrombotic

The Uses of EXANTA

An orally active direct thrombin inhibitor; prodrug of Melagatran. Antithrombotic.

Background

Ximelagatran is an anticoagulant intended to become a replacement for warfarin by overcoming the dietary restrictions, drug interaction, and monitoring issues associated with the former. In 2006, its manufacturer AstraZeneca announced that it would not attempt to market ximelagatran after reports of hepatotoxicity (liver damage) during trials, and to discontinue its distribution in countries where the drug had been approved.

Indications

For the treatment of acute deep vein thrombosis.

What are the applications of Application

Ximelagatran is a direct thrombin inhibitor

Definition

ChEBI: A member of the class of azetidines that is melagatran in which the carboxylic acid group has been converted to the corresponding ethyl ester and in which the amidine group has been converted to the corresponding amidoxime. A prodrug for melagatran, ximela atran was the first orally available direct thrombin inhibitor to be brought to market as an anticoagulant, but was withdrawn in 2006 following reports of it causing liver damage.

brand name

Exanta (proposed) (AstraZeneca).

Biochem/physiol Actions

Ximelagatran is orally active, selective and potent direct thrombin inhibitor. Ximelagatran is a prodrug of thrombin inhibitor melagatran.

Metabolism

Ximelagatran is a prodrug, and hence, it requires in vivo conversion to the active agent, melagatran. The activation of ximelagatran is produced in the liver and many other tissues mainly by reactions of dealkylation and dehydroxylation.