Solvent Yellow 2

Description

4-N,N-Dimethylaminobenzene diazonium chloride is a diazo compound found in diazo copy paper. It is allergenic only when unexposed.

Chemical properties

yellow to orange crystalline powder

The Uses of Solvent Yellow 2

For determination of free HCl in gastric juice; spot test identification of peroxidized fats; pH indicator (red 2.9, yellow 4.0).

The Uses of Solvent Yellow 2

Formerly used as a coloring agent in foods, drugs, and cosmetics

The Uses of Solvent Yellow 2

Butter yellow was largely used as a food coloring agent. It was also used for the determination of free hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, for the spot test identification of peroxidized fats, as a pH indicator, and as a laboratory reagent.

Definition

A banned food coloring.

Production Methods

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene was produced in large quantities in the early 1900s but is currently not produced in any significant commercial quantity in the United States.

Preparation

aniline diazotization, and N,N-dimethylaniline coupling.

General Description

Yellow crystalline leaflets or an orange powder.

Air & Water Reactions

Dust may form an explosive mixture in air. Insoluble in water.

Reactivity Profile

Solvent Yellow 2 can detonate, particularly if sensitized by the presence of metal salts or strong acids. May form toxic gases with acids, aldehydes, amides, carbamates, cyanides, inorganic fluorides, halogenated organics, isocyanates, ketones, metals, nitrides, peroxides, phenols, epoxides, acyl halides, and strong oxidizing or reducing agents. May form flammable gases with alkali metals. May react explosively with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides. May react explosively with strong oxidizing agents, metal salts, peroxides, and sulfides.

Hazard

Carcinogen.

Health Hazard

4-Dimethylamino-azobenzene (XIII) is the parent compound of the amino-azo dye carcinogens; it is also known in the earlier literature as Butter Yellow, because it was used to color butter and vegetable oils before its carcinogenic activity was discovered. Many derivatives of XIII have been prepared and tested for carcinogenic activity. In the rat, the amino-azo dye carcinogens, administered in the diet, specifically induce hepatomas. Tumor induction by most of the amino-azo dyes is delayed or inhibited by high dietary levels of riboflavin (vitamin B2) or protein. Replacement of the –N=N– azo linkage by –CH=CH–, as in 4-dimethylaminostilbene (XIV), results in widening the target tissue spectrum; XIV induces tumors in the liver, mammary gland, and ear duct. Mice are much more resistant than rats to the carcinogenic activity of both amino-azo dyes and aminostilbenes.

Fire Hazard

Flash point data for Solvent Yellow 2 are not available. Solvent Yellow 2 is probably combustible.

Safety Profile

Confirmed carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic, neoplastigenic, and tumorigenic data. Poison by ingestion and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. Human mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx

Potential Exposure

Tumorigen,Drug, Mutagen; Reproductive Effector DAB is used for coloring polishes and other wax products, polystyrene, petrol,soap, and as a chemical indicator. Human exposure to DABcan occur through either inhalation or skin absorption.

First aid

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove anycontact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids. Seek medical attention immediately. If this chemical contacts theskin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediatelywith soap and water. Seek medical attention immediately. Ifthis chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility. Contact a physician, hospital, or poison center atonce. If the victim is unconscious or convulsing, do notinduce vomiting or give anything by mouth. Assure that thepatient’s airway is open and if conscious and not convulsing, give a glass of water to dilute the substance. Vomitingshould not be induced without a physician’s advice.

Carcinogenicity

4-Dimethylaminoazobenzene is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity fromstudies in experimental animals.

Environmental Fate

Chemical/Physical. Releases toxic nitrogen oxides when heated to decomposition (Sax and Lewis, 1987).
At influent concentrations of 1.0, 0.1, 0.01, and 0.001 mg/L, the GAC adsorption capacities were 249, 140, 83, and 48 mg/g, respectively (Dobbs and Cohen, 1980).

storage

Color Code—Blue: Health Hazard/Poison: Storein a secure poison location. Prior to working with DAB youshould be trained on its proper handling and storage. Storein a cool, dry place and protect from exposure to light andair. A regulated, marked area should be established wherethis chemical is handled, used, or stored in compliance withOSHA Standard 1910.1045.

Shipping

Dyes, solid, toxic, n.o.s. require a label of“POISONOUS/TOXIC MATERIALS.” 4-Dimethylaminoazo-benzene falls in Hazard Class 6.1; Packing Group III.

Purification Methods

Crystallise the dye from acetic acid or isooctane, or from 95% EtOH by adding hot water and cooling. Dry it over KOH under vacuum at 50o. [Beilstein 6 IV 448.] CARCINOGEN.

Properties and Applications

yellow to red light yellow. Light yellow powder, melting point 115 ℃ (yellow flaky crystal). Insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol for yellow solution, in oil soluble. In concentrated sulfuric acid to yellow, red after diluted solution; . Mainly used for Aviation fuel TETRAETHYLLEAD stability agent and pH indicator, also used in paraffin, polystyrene, oil and soap stain

Standard	Light Fastness	Heat-resistant(℃)		Water	Sodium Carbonate(5%)	Hydrochloric acid(5%)
		Melting point	Stable
ISO	General	113.5-115	120	Poor	Well	Poor

Toxicity evaluation

Butter yellow exists as a stable crystalline material at normal temperature and pressure. It is insoluble in water, but soluble in organic solvents such as alcohol, chloroform, ether, petroleum ether, mineral acids, oils, and pyridine. Its octanol/water partition coefficient is 4.58, vapor pressure is 3.3×10-7 mm Hg; and Henry’s law constant is 7.1×10-9 atm-m³ mol^-1.
Butter yellow may be released into the environment as a result of its manufacture and use in the consumer products. It may bind to the soil and when released into water, may bioconcentrate in aquatic organisms, or may be adsorbed into the sediment. If released in the atmosphere, it may undergo direct photolysis.

Incompatibilities

None reported.