Imatinib

Absorption

Imatinib is well absorbed after oral administration with Cmax achieved within 2-4 hours post-dose. Mean absolute bioavailability is 98%. Mean imatinib AUC increases proportionally with increasing doses ranging from 25 mg to 1,000 mg. There is no significant change in the pharmacokinetics of imatinib on repeated dosing, and accumulation is 1.5- to 2.5-fold at a steady state when Gleevec is dosed once daily.

Toxicity

The most frequently reported adverse reactions (>30%) were edema, nausea, vomiting, muscle cramps, musculoskeletal pain, diarrhea, rash, fatigue and abdominal pain.
In the 2-year rat carcinogenicity study administration of imatinib at 15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day resulted in a statistically significant reduction in the longevity of males at 60 mg/kg/day and females at greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day. Target organs for neoplastic changes were the kidneys (renal tubule and renal pelvis), urinary bladder, urethra, preputial and clitoral gland, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach. Neoplastic lesions were not seen at 30 mg/kg/day for the kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra, small intestine, parathyroid glands, adrenal glands, and non-glandular stomach, and 15 mg/kg/day for the preputial and clitoral gland. The papilloma/carcinoma of the preputial/clitoral gland was noted at 30 and 60 mg/kg/day, representing approximately 0.5 to 4 or 0.3 to 2.4 times the human daily exposure (based on AUC) at 400 mg/day or 800 mg/day, respectively, and 0.4 to 3.0 times the daily exposure in children (based on AUC) at 340 mg/m2. The renal tubule adenoma/carcinoma, renal pelvis transitional cell neoplasms, the urinary bladder and urethra transitional cell papillomas, the small intestine adenocarcinomas, the parathyroid glands adenomas, the benign and malignant medullary tumors of the adrenal glands and the non-glandular stomach papillomas/carcinomas were noted at 60 mg/kg/day. The relevance of these findings in the rat carcinogenicity study for humans is not known. Positive genotoxic effects were obtained for imatinib in an in vitro mammalian cell assay (Chinese hamster ovary) for clastogenicity (chromosome aberrations) in the presence of metabolic activation. Two intermediates of the manufacturing process, which are also present in the final product, are positive for mutagenesis in the Ames assay. One of these intermediates was also positive in the mouse lymphoma assay. Imatinib was not genotoxic when tested in an in vitro bacterial cell assay (Ames test), an in vitro mammalian cell assay (mouse lymphoma) and an in vivo rat micronucleus assay.
In a study of fertility, male rats were dosed for 70 days prior to mating and female rats were dosed 14 days prior to mating and through to gestational Day 6. Testicular and epididymal weights and percent motile sperm were decreased at 60 mg/kg, approximately three-fourths the maximum clinical dose of 800 mg/day based on BSA. This was not seen at doses less than or equal to 20 mg/kg (one-fourth of the maximum human dose of 800 mg). The fertility of male and female rats was not affected.
Fertility was not affected in the preclinical fertility and early embryonic development study although lower testes and epididymal weights, as well as a reduced number of motile sperm, were observed in the high-dose male rats. In the preclinical pre-and postnatal study in rats, fertility in the first generation offspring was also not affected by imatinib mesylate.
It is important to consider potential toxicities suggested by animal studies, specifically, liver, kidney, and cardiac toxicity and immunosuppression. Severe liver toxicity was observed in dogs treated for 2 weeks, with elevated liver enzymes, hepatocellular necrosis, bile duct necrosis, and bile duct hyperplasia. Renal toxicity was observed in monkeys treated for 2 weeks, with focal mineralization and dilation of the renal tubules and tubular nephrosis. Increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine were observed in several of these animals. An increased rate of opportunistic infections was observed with chronic imatinib treatment in laboratory animal studies. In a 39-week monkey study, treatment with imatinib resulted in the worsening of normally suppressed malarial infections in these animals. Lymphopenia was observed in animals (as in humans). Additional long-term toxicities were identified in a 2-year rat study. Histopathological examination of the treated rats that died in the study revealed cardiomyopathy (both sexes), chronic progressive nephropathy (females), and preputial gland papilloma as principal causes of death or reasons for sacrifice. Non-neoplastic lesions seen in this 2-year study that were not identified in earlier preclinical studies were the cardiovascular system, pancreas, endocrine organs, and teeth. The most important changes included cardiac hypertrophy and dilatation, leading to signs of cardiac insufficiency in some animals.

Chemical properties

Orange Solid

The Uses of Imatinib

Imatinib impurity.

The Uses of Imatinib

Imatinib Mesylate is orally bioavailability mesylate salt of Imatinib, which is a multi-target inhibitor of v-Abl, c-Kit and PDGFR with IC50 of 0.6 μM, 0.1 μM and 0.1 μM, respectively. Imatinib also known as Gleevec, Glivec, CGP-57148B, STI-571 & Imatinib

The Uses of Imatinib

antineoplastic

The Uses of Imatinib

atypical antipsychotic

What are the applications of Application

Imatinib is an inhibitor of multiple tyrosine kinases

Indications

Imatinib is indicated for the treatment of adult and pediatric chronic myeloid leukemia with Philadelphia chromosome mutation (Ph+) in blast crisis, accelerated phase, or chronic phase after IFN-alpha therapy failure.Additionally, imatinib is also indicated to treat adult and pediatric Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia, adult myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases, adult aggressive systemic mastocytosis, adult hypereosinophilic syndrome and/or chronic eosinophilic leukemia (CEL), adult dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, and malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST).

Background

Imatinib is a small molecule kinase inhibitor that revolutionized the treatment of cancer, particularly chronic myeloid leukemia, in 2001. It was deemed a "miracle drug" due to its clinical success, as oncologist Dr. Brian noted that "complete hematologic responses were observed in 53 of 54 patients with CML treated with a daily dosage of 300 mg or more and typically occurred in the first four weeks of therapy".. The discovery of imatinib also established a new group of therapy called "targeted therapy", since treatment can be tailored specifically to the unique cancer genetics of each patient.

Indications

Bcr-Abl inhibitor imatinib (Gleevec(R), Novartis) was approved in 2001 by the FDA. Although fasudil was approved in 1995, imatinib is widely perceived as the first approved SMKI mainly owing to the fact that fasudil's kinase inhibitory mechanism was unknown at the time of approval, and efforts to gain approval of fasudil have been unsuccessful in the United States and Europe.
The field of kinase inhibitor development has evolved rapidly since the approval of imatinib. Some of the key discoveries and events include (i) the discovery of MAPK/ERK inhibitors, for example, CI-1040 (PD184352), as the first series of type III inhibitors in 2003; (ii) the approval of first dual tyrosine kinase and serine/threonine kinase inhibitor sorafenib in 2005; (iii) the description of the first series of allosteric type IVkinase inhibitor, that is,GNF-2 and analogues that inhibit Bcr–Abl through an allosteric non-ATP-competitivemode, by Gray and coworkers in 2006; (iv) the approval of the first type III inhibitor trametinib in 2013; (v) the approval of the first covalent kinase inhibitors, afatinib and ibrutinib, in 2013; and (vi) the approval of the first lipid kinase inhibitor, that is, the PI3K inhibitor idelalisib, in 2014.
By December 2016, kinase inhibitor drug discovery can leverage the structures of over 200 human kinases and 5000 kinases of all types, over 1 million publications, clinical data from more than 200 molecules currently in phase I–III trials, and post-marketing results from the approved 38 drugs.

Indications

Imantinib mesylate (Gleevec) is a rationally designed inhibitor of the tumor-specific bcr-abl kinase. The Philadelphia chromosome, present in nearly all patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), is produced by a chromosomal rearrangement linking the bcr and the abl genes. The bcr-able kinase is therefore a unique drug target in leukemic cells, and imantinib selectively and potently inhibits this kinase. Remissions in CML patients are achieved with high frequency and very low toxicity, and this compound may become a front-line agent for treating this cancer. Unfortunately, drug resistance has already been observed in the clinic as a result of mutations in the bcr-abl kinase, and this magic bullet does not appear to be curative for CML patients. Extension of the use of imantinib to other tumor types with overexpression of c-kit kinase or platelet-derived growth factor kinase is undergoing development because of its observed activity against these kinases.

Definition

ChEBI: Imatinib is a benzamide obtained by formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-[(4-methylpiperazin-1-yl)methyl]benzoic acid with the primary aromatic amino group of 4-methyl-N(3)-[4-(pyridin-3-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl]benzene-1,3-diamine. Used (as its mesylate salt) for treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia and gastrointestinal stromal tumours. It has a role as an apoptosis inducer, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor and an antineoplastic agent. It is a N-methylpiperazine, a member of pyridines, a member of benzamides, an aromatic amine and a member of pyrimidines. It is functionally related to a benzamide.

General Description

non-receptor tyrosine kinase|
Treatment: CML, ALL, GIST
Oral bioavailability = 98%
Elimination half-life = 20 h
Protein binding = 95%

Biological Activity

imatinib is an inhibitor of protein-tyrosine kinase with ic50 values of 0.1, 0.1 and 0.025μm, respectively against pdgf receptor, c-kit and abl [1].the type 3 group of receptor tyrosine kinases includes pdgfr, csf-1r, flt-3, c-kit and so on. pdgfrs are found in normal tissues, cells as well as some tumors. it is associated with several nonmalignant proliferative diseases. in vitro assays show that imatinib can inhibit both pdgf-aa and pdgf-bb stimulated pdgf receptor phosphorylation. imatinib is also found to inhibit the phosphorylation of c-kit, another kinase which mediates the growth of a number of tumors. imatinib inhibits the phosphorylation of these kinases without effecting the expression of them. some other kinases of the type 3 group (such as fms and flt-3) can’t be inhibited by imatinib, suggesting a selectivity of imatinib. in addition, imatinib is shown to significantly inhibit the bcr-abl tyrosine kinase both in cell-based assay and in vitro kinase assay. moreover, as a downstream pathway of pdgf-mediated signals, map kinase activation can also be effected in rat a10 smooth muscle cells [1].

Pharmacokinetics

Imatinib is a 2-phenylaminopyrimidine derivative neoplastic agent that belongs to the class of tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Although imatinib inhibits a number of tyrosine kinases, it is quite selective toward the BCR-ABL fusion protein that is present in various cancers. BCR-ABL pathway controls many downstream pathways that are heavily implicated in neoplastic growth such as the Ras/MapK pathway (cellular proliferation), Src/Pax/Fak/Rac pathway (cellular motility), and PI/PI3K/AKT/BCL-2 pathway (apoptosis pathway). Therefore, the BCR-ABL pathway is an attractive target for cancer treatment. Although normal cells also depend on these pathways for growth, these cells tend to have redundant tyrosine kinases to continually function in spite of ABL inhibition from imatinib. Cancer cells, on the other hand, can have a dependence on BCR-ABL, thus more heavily impacted by imatinib.

Clinical Use

Tyrosine kinase inhibitor, antineoplastic agent:

Treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia

Treatment of metastatic malignant gastrointestinal stromal tumours

Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia

Drug interactions

Potentially hazardous interactions with other drugs
Antibacterials: concentration reduced by rifampicin - avoid.
Anticoagulants: enhanced anticoagulant effect of warfarin, replace with heparin.
Antidepressants: concentration reduced by St. Johns Wort - avoid.
Antiepileptics: concentration reduced by carbamazepine, fosphenytoin, oxcarbazepine and phenytoin - avoid; absorption of phenytoin possibly reduced.
Antipsychotics: avoid concomitant use with clozapine (increased risk of agranulocytosis).
Antivirals: avoid with boceprevir.
Ciclosporin: may increase ciclosporin levels.
Cytotoxics: possibly increases bosutinib concentration - avoid or reduce bosutinib dose; concentration of everolimus and possibly ibrutinib increased - reduce dose of everolimus and ibrutinib.
Tacrolimus: may increase tacrolimus levels.

Metabolism

CYP3A4 is the major enzyme responsible for the metabolism of imatinib. Other cytochrome P450 enzymes, such as CYP1A2, CYP2D6, CYP2C9, and CYP2C19, play a minor role in its metabolism. The main circulating active metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, formed predominantly by CYP3A4. It shows in vitro potency similar to the parent imatinib.

Metabolism

The main circulating metabolite in humans is the N-demethylated piperazine derivative, which shows similar in vitro potency to the parent. Imatinib and the N-demethyl metabolite together accounted for about 65% of the circulating radioactivity (AUC(0-48h)). The remaining circulating radioactivity consisted of a number of minor metabolites. In vitro results showed that CYP3A4 was the major human P450 enzyme catalysing the biotransformation of imatinib. Based on the recovery of compound(s) after an oral [14C]-labelled dose of imatinib, approximately 81% of the dose was recovered within 7 days in faeces (68% of dose) and urine (13% of dose). Unchanged imatinib accounted for 25% of the dose (5% urine, 20% faeces), the remainder being metabolites.

Mode of action

Imatinib binds close to the ATP-binding site of BCR-ABL and locks it in a closed inactive conformation which excludes ATP. This shuts down its sustained signaling, thus blocking leukemic cell growth.

References

[1] elisabeth buchdunger, catherine l. cioffi, norman law, david stover, sayuri ohno-jones, brian j. druker and nicholas b. lydon. abl protein-tyrosine kinase inhibitor sti571 inhibits in vitro signal transduction mediated by c-kit and platelet-derived growth factor receptors. the journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics. 2000, 295(1): 139-145.