D-Thyroxine

Toxicity

Symptoms of dextrothyroxine overdose are unknown.

Chemical properties

beige to light grey powder

Originator

Choloxin,Knoll

The Uses of D-Thyroxine

One of the thyroid hormones involved in the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis. Synthesized and stored as amino acid residues of thyroglobulin, the major protein component of the thyroid follicular colloid. Synthesis and secretion are regulated by the pituitary hormone (TSH). Deiodinated in peripheral tissues to the active metabolite, liothyronine. The D-form has very little activity as a thyroid hormone, but has been used to treat hyperlipidemia.

Indications

Used to lower high cholesterol levels in the blood.

Background

The major hormone derived from the thyroid gland. Thyroxine is synthesized via the iodination of tyrosines (monoiodotyrosine) and the coupling of iodotyrosines (diiodotyrosine) in the thyroglobulin. Thyroxine is released from thyroglobulin by proteolysis and secreted into the blood. Thyroxine is peripherally deiodinated to form triiodothyronine which exerts a broad spectrum of stimulatory effects on cell metabolism.

What are the applications of Application

D-Thyroxine is a thyroid hormone involved in metabolic homeostasis maintainance

Definition

ChEBI: The D-enantiomer of thyroxine.

Manufacturing Process

The synthesis of dextrothyroxine includes 10 steps:
1. 3-Iodo-5-nitro-4- [4-methoxy-phenoxy]benzaldehyde
2. 2-Methyl-4-[3-iodo-5-nitro-(4-methoxy-phenoxy)-benzylidene]-4-H-oxazol5-one
40 g above prepared derivate was heated with 12 g acetic acid and 10 g dry sodium acetate in 70 ml acetic anhydride for 2.5 hours at 100°C. On cooling the oxazolone precipitated. It was filtered off, washed with CCl4 and water; next it was recrystallized from benzene. Yield 35 g. MP: 205°-206°C.
3. Methyl ester 3-iodo-5-nitro-4- [4-methoxy-phenoxy]-αacetylaminocinnamonic acid
20 g the product from an item 2 was stirred with a solution of 1.2 g sodium in 200 ml methanol at 20°C. Soon the desirable ester began to fall. It was filtered off after adding of 5 ml 95% acetic acid and recrystallized from 95% acetic acid. Yield 18 g; MP: 216°C.
4. Methyl ester 3-iodo-5-amino-4- [4-methoxy-phenoxy]-αacetylaminocinnamonic acid
25 g Raney nickel was added to the suspension of 67 g above nitro ester in 450 ml methanol. Whereupon about 8.55 L hydrogen was passed (2 hours), the hydrogenation product crystallized. It was filtered off. The catalyst was removed by dissolving in tetrahydrofuran and repeated filtration. The solvent was removed in vacuum. Yield 38 g; MP: 184°C (recrystallized from methanol).
5. Methyl ester 3,5-diiodo-4- [4-methoxy-phenoxy]-α-acetylaminocinnamonic acid
5 g the product from item 4 in 20 ml 95% acetic acid and 30 ml conc. H2SO4 was dropwise added to the solution of 1.1 g sodium nitrite in 15 ml conc. H2SO4 and 30 ml conc. acetic acid. After 30 minutes the solution of diazonium salt was added to the mixture of 3.5 g KI, 5.2 g I2 and 2.0 g urea in 250 ml water and 30 ml CHCl3.
The excessive iodine was removed with NaHSO3, an organic layer was separated and distilled off to dryness. The residue was recrystallized from acetic acid to yield 3.9 the desired product. MP: 209°C.
150 ml acetaldehyde was dropwise added to 150 ml HI (d 1.70) by ice cooling. Then 0.1 g FeSO4 and 18 g red phosphorous was added to 27 g diiodo-derivate from the step 5. The mixture was heated to reflux about 20 minutes. Simultaneously methyl iodide was distilled off. Red phosphorous was filtered off. The clear filtrate was distilled to dryness. The residue was dissolved in 150 ml of hot water and 100 ml 2 N HCl. The conc. NH3 was added. Precipitated product was washed with water, methanol and acetone and dried. Yield 20.7 g (86%). MP: 256°C (decomp.).
7. DL-N-Formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine
100 g DL-3,5-Diiodothyronine was added to the mixture of 100 ml dry formic acid and 50 ml acetic anhydride by stirring at ambient temperature to give the clean solution. Soon DL-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronone begun to crystallize. Yield 95 g. MP: 225°-230°C.
8. (-)-D-N-Formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine
The above prepared DL-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine was in 1500 ml of dry isopropanol heated on a steam bath heated and the hot solution of 300 g dry brucine in 1500 ml dry isopropanol was added. On cooling (+/-)-D- N-formyl3,5-diiodothyronone-brucine salt precipitated during 3 hours. 290 g this salt was recrystallized from a mixture of 1 L dimethylformamide and 2.5 L
isopropanol. MP: 271°C. It was dropped into 750 ml 2 N NH3, four times with methylene chloride extracted for brucine removing. Water-basic solution was acidified to pH 2 with conc. HCl. (-)-D-N-Formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine precipitated on cooling. Yield 140 g (96.5 %). MP: 186°C.
9. (-)-D-3,5-Diiodothyronine
It was prepared from 100 g (-)-D-N-formyl-3,5-diiodothyronine and mixture of 1 L 48% HBr and water (1:2). Yield 80.5 g MP: 252°C (decomp.). [α]D20: - 25.0° (c=5, in 1 N HCL/95% ethanol 1:2)
10. (-)-D-3,5,3',5'-Tetraiodothyronine (dextrothyroxine)
9 g (-)-D-3,5-diiodothyronine was dissolved in 80 ml 40% methylamine by stirring at room temperature. 34 ml 1 N iodine/KI was added slowly to this solution. After 1.5 hours stirring, 150 ml NaCl solution was added and a sodium salt precipitated. It was dissolved in mixture of 200 ml methanol and 20 ml 2 N HCl, and heated with an animal coal. The coal was filtered off and neutralized with solution sodium acetate to pH 6. The precipitated was filtered off, washed with methanol and acetone and dried. Yield of desired product 6.2 g; MP: 235°C; [α]D25:- 14.6° (c=5, in 1 N HCl/95% ethanol 1:2).

brand name

Choloxin (Abbott).

Therapeutic Function

Thyroid hormone, Anticholesteremic

Biological Functions

Dextrothyroxine, the synthetic D-(+)-stereoisomer isomer of L-(–)-T4, was introduced in hypocholesteremichypolipidemic therapy with the premise that it would be void of calorigenic effects. The possibility of trace contamination with and metabolic conversion to T4 and congeners has restricted its use, however, especially in patients with coronary heart disease.

Mechanism of action

Dextrothyroxine speeds up the decomposition of cholesterol and lipoproteins, thus activating catabolism of cholesterol in the liver, which results in cholesterol being more intensively transformed into bile salts. It lowers the level of low-density lipoproteins in the plasma and very low-density lipoproteins in fatty tissue. It is recommended for treating hyperlipoproteinemia.

Pharmacokinetics

Dextrothyroxine, the dextrorotary isomer of the synthetic thyroxine, is a antihyperlipidemic.

Metabolism

Purification Methods

Recrystallise D-thyroxine from H2O (needles) or from an ammonical solution by dilution with H2O, MeOH or Me2CO. It has also been purified by dissolving ~6.5 g in a mixture of MeOH (200mL) and 2N HCl (20mL), adding charcoal, filtering then adding NaOAc solution to pH 6. On standing the thyroxine separates, it is filtered off, washed with MeOH then Me2CO and dried in vacuo. N-Formyl-D-thyroxine has m 210o and [] 21 -26.9o (c 5, EtOH). (±)-Thyroxine has m 256o and is purified in the same way. [Nahm & Siedel Chem Ber 96 1 1963, Salter Biochem J 24 471 1930, Beilstein 14 I 671, 14 II 384, 14 III 1566, 14 IV 2374.]