D-AMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

Absorption

Bioavailability data of dextroamphetamine is not readily available, however there is no difference in bioavailability when taken with or without a meal.

Toxicity

Dextroamphetamine has been shown to be teratogenic and embryotoxic in mice at 41 times the maximum human dose. These effects were not seen in rat or rabbit studies, and the effects on human pregnancy have not been studied. The risk and benefit of use during pregnancy should be weighed as bone deformities, tracheoesophageal fistula, anal atresia, low birthweight, and withdrawl have been reported in the children of mothers who were taking dextroamphetamine during pregnancy. Mothers should not take amphetamines while nursing as the drug is excreted in breast milk. Long term effects of dextroamphetamine have not bee determined in pediatric patients and dextroamphetamine should be avoided in children under 3 years.

The Uses of D-AMPHETAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE

CNS stimulant; anorexic. More active isomer of Amphetamine. Induces release of catecholamines and serotonin by displacing the monoamines from their vesicular storage sites; blocks catecholamine reuptake. Controlled substance (stimulant)

Indications

Dextroamphetamine is indicated for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Background

Dextroamphetamine is the dextrorotary enantiomer of amphetamine. Dextroamphetamine was approved by the FDA in 2001 for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Definition

ChEBI: A 1-phenylpropan-2-amine that has S configuration.

brand name

Dexampex (Teva); Dexedrine (GlaxoSmithKline); Dextrostat (Shire); Ferndex (Ferndale);Adiparthrol;Afatin;Amfe-dyn;Amphaetex;Bipheramine;Curban;D-amfetasul;Dexadrine;Dexamed;Dexedrina;Dexten;Dextro-profetamine;Drinamyl;Durophet-m;Maxiton;Mephadexamine-r;Mephadexamin-r;Obetrol;Obotan;Proptan;Robese;Simpamina d;Steladex;Stil-2;Synatan.

World Health Organization (WHO)

Schedule II of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances. See WHO comment for amfetamine. (Reference: (UNCPS2) United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances (II), , , 1971)

Pharmacokinetics

Dextroamphetamine is a noncatecholamine, sympathomimetic amine that acts as a CNS stimulant. Dextroamphetamine raises systolic and diastolic blood pressure, acts as a weak bronchodilator, and also acts as a respiratory stimulant. The general mechanism of action of dextroamphetamine has not been well established.

Safety Profile

Poison by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intraperitoneal routes. Experimental reproductive effects. Chronic exposure causes central nervous system damage and blood-pressure effects. When heated to decomposition it emits toxic NOx. See other amphetamine entries.

Synthesis

The compound can be prepared by optical resolution of amphetamineor directly from (-)-norephedrine by conversion to the (+)-chloroamine followed by catalytic hydrogenation .

Metabolism

Dextroamphetamine is metabolized by cytochrome P-450 2D6 in the liver to 4-hydroxyamphetamine and later conjugated by sulfotransferase or glucoronyltransferase.